{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:44:09Z","timestamp":1790372649739,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001091","name":"George S. and Dolores Dore Eccles Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Woodpeckers (Order Piciformes) belong to a group of birds characterized by their hammering capabilities in which the bill is utilized as a tool to probe for food and to excavate nest cavities. They have numerous specializations for this behavior, including their bill and tongue, feet for gripping vertical tree trunks, and tail feathers with thickened shafts to provide stability as a postural appendage. We hypothesized that (1) woodpecker tail musculature is also modified for clinging behaviors with a heterogeneous distribution of fast and slow muscle fibers, and that (2) the tree\u2010trunk foraging Hairy Woodpeckers would have more slow muscle fibers in their\n                    <jats:italic>M. depressor caudae<\/jats:italic>\n                    than Northern Flickers, which forage on the ground where they probe the substrate for insects. We performed immunohistochemistry to identify the fiber type distributions for tail muscles\n                    <jats:italic>Mm<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>caudofemoralis pars caudalis, lateralis caudae, levator caudae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>depressor caudae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in four Hairy Woodpeckers and five Northern Flickers. Our results show that these tail muscles in the two woodpecker species are comprised of a majority of fast muscle fibers common among dynamic locomotor muscles. Interestingly, we report a functionally\u2010significant distribution of slow muscle fibers in\n                    <jats:italic>M. depressor caudae<\/jats:italic>\n                    predicted to be utilized in propping of the tail during tree climbing and support. Further, we found more slow fibers (13.80%\u2009\u00b1\u20094.49%) in the trunk\u2010foraging Hairy Woodpeckers compared with the ground\u2010foraging Northern Flicker (7.40%\u2009\u00b1\u20094.95%), which we interpret to be related to the trunk\u2010foraging habits of Hairy Woodpeckers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:15:02Z","timestamp":1730074502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry of Woodpecker Tail Muscles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Kyle","family":"Spainhower","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Weber State University Ogden Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron A.","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Weber State University Ogden Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"934","article-title":"The Role of Avian Slow Twitch Fibers in Turkey Tail Display","volume":"40","author":"Baier D. B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology","author":"Baumel J. J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy, Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Baumel J. J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151.1.263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.50.6.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1999.9639746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Scansorial Foot of the Woodpeckers, With Comments on the Evolution of Perching and Climbing Feet in Birds","volume":"1931","author":"Bock W. J.","year":"1959","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"A Staining Method for Gross Dissection of Vertebrate Muscles","volume":"130","author":"Bock W. J.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.174.4010.709"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"455","article-title":"Adaptive Modifications in the Woodpeckers","volume":"32","author":"Burt W. H.","year":"1930","journal-title":"University of California Publications in Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Check\u2010list of North American Birds (online)","author":"Chesser R. T.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.67.4.30163866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.176.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Aspects of Animal Movement","author":"Goldspink G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion","author":"Goldspink G.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Bat Biology and Conservation","author":"Hermanson J. W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Vertebrate Structure","author":"Hildebrand M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.haiwoo.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092240311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h98-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-019-01678-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4088985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3676828"},{"issue":"1019","key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Morphology of the Wings, Legs and Tail of Three Coniferous Forest Tits, the Goldcrest, and the Treecreeper in Relation to Locomotor Pattern and Feeding Station Selection","volume":"287","author":"Norberg U. M.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-015-9299-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"Raikow R. J.1985. \u201cLocomotor System.\u201d InForm and Function in Birds Vol. 3 edited by A. S. King and J. McLelland 57\u2013147. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Adaptive Modifications for Tree\u2010Trunk Foraging in Birds","volume":"46","author":"Richardson F.","year":"1942","journal-title":"University of California Publications in Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"653","article-title":"Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms During Development of Domestic Pigeon Pectoralis Muscle","volume":"42","author":"Rosser B. W.","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z86-176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.132270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"The Myology of the Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus): A Guide to the Study of the Muscular System in Birds","author":"Shufeldt R. W.","year":"1890"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"Spainhower K.2016. \u201cFiber Type Distribution and Tail Muscle Function in Birds.\u201d Senior Thesis Department of Zoology Weber State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1365612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4088943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/104.2.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Histochemical Analysis of Fiber Composition of Skeletal Muscles in Pigeons and Chickens","volume":"137","author":"Wada N.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives Italiennes de Biologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/42.1.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.norfli.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01647169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0031030107030082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2009.08216"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.70003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T08:33:09Z","timestamp":1732177989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.70003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.70003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.70003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70003\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70003\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70003\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70003\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70003\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70003"}}