{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:12:42Z","timestamp":1772118762744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The colonial system of integration (CSI) provides intracolonial nutrient supply in many gymnolaemate bryozoans. In Ctenostomata, its presence is known for species with stolonal colonies, for example, vesicularioideans, but its structure is almost unexplored. The CSI is thought to be absent in alcyonidioideans and other ctenostomes. Here, we present the first detailed description of the CSI ultrastructure in both autozooids and kenozooids of two vesicularioideans,\n                    <jats:italic>Buskia nitens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Amathia gracilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and two alcyonidioideans,\n                    <jats:italic>Alcyonidium hirsutum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Flustrellidra hispida<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We revealed differences in the endocyst structure: in studied alcyonioidioideans, it comprises the epidermis, extracellular matrix and coelomic lining, while in the studied vesicularioideans, it includes only the epidermis. In vesicularioidean autozooids, the main CSI cord and the most distal part of the muscular funiculus originate together as a single structure near the caecum apex. However, at a short distance basally, they separate and run to different sites: the main CSI cord reaches the communication pore, and the muscular funiculus attaches to the cystid wall in the proximal part of the autozooids. The CSI in alcyonidioidean autozooids includes a central part, comprising several strands running from the caecum and pylorus to the cystid walls, and a peripheral part, which is located between the epidermis and peritoneum of the cystid walls and reaches the communication pores. The autozooidal CSI in the studied alcyonidioids never reaches kenozooidal communication pores. Nevertheless, the CSI is present in kenozooids of\n                    <jats:italic>F. hispida<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; its structure corresponds to that of the peripheral part of the CSI in autozooids. These findings suggest that the CSI likely originated rather early in bryozoan evolution, and its putative initial function is nutrient transport to budding sites and zooids undergoing degeneration\u2010regeneration cycle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T01:41:11Z","timestamp":1735350071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Dark Horse: Colonial System of Integration in Ctenostome Bryozoans (Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1593-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Shunatova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9285-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Zhidkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1389708"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051350204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/17.1.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392499"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytologie des Rosettes de Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) (Bryozoaire, Ct\u00e9nostome, V\u00e9sicularine). Hypoth\u00e8se sur Leur Fonctionnement","volume":"104","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Archives de Zoologie Exp\u00e9rimentale et G\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"771","article-title":"Histophysiologie du Systeme Rosettes\u2010Funicules de Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams)(Bryozoaire Ctenostome)","volume":"112","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Les lipids. Archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Les Cellules Cystidiennes et Les Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes d'histolyse et de Phagocytose Chez Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.)(Bryozoaire Ct\u00e9nostome)\u2019","volume":"49","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"479","article-title":"Sur Les Cellules Cavitaires de Quelques V\u00e9sicularines (Bryozaires Ct\u00e9nostomes)","volume":"12","author":"Bobin G.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cahiers de Biologie Marine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-763150-9.50015-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"To the Knowledge of Embryonic Development, Budding, and Regeneration in Zoobotryon pellucidus Ehrbg","volume":"108","author":"Bogoiavlenskii H.","year":"1905","journal-title":"Izv Imp Ob Lub Est Antr Etnogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"\u00dcber Pottsiella erecta (Potts)","volume":"36","author":"Braem F.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Hydrobiologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber Victorella Und Einige Ihrer N\u00e4chsten Verwandten, Sowie \u00dcber Die Bryozoenfauna des Ryck bei Greifswald","volume":"102","author":"Braem F.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.48714","volume-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l'histoire Naturelle des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes Marins","author":"Calvet L.","year":"1900"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-010-0113-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bryozoa From Ghana. 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D.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21415"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference","author":"Todd J. A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Molting by Cupuladria doma, a Free\u2010Living Bryozoan","volume":"44","author":"Winston J. E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bulletin of Marine Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Zoobothryon Verticillatum (Delle Chiaje)","volume":"17","author":"Zirpolo G.","year":"1933","journal-title":"Memorie della pontificia accademia delle seicnze i nuovi linceiMemorie della pontificia accademia delle seicnze i nuovi lincei"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.70018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:27:54Z","timestamp":1767857274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.70018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.70018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.70018","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70018\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70018\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70018\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70018\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70018\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70018"}}