{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:07:43Z","timestamp":1792591663660,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    For over a century researchers have marveled at the square\u2010shaped toe tips of several species of climbing salamanders (genus\n                    <jats:italic>Aneides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), speculating about the function of large blood sinuses therein. Wandering salamanders (\n                    <jats:italic>Aneides vagrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) have been reported to exhibit exquisite locomotor control while climbing, jumping, and gliding high (88\u2009m) within the redwood canopy; however, a detailed investigation of their digital vascular system has yet to be conducted. Here, we describe the vascular and osteological structure of, and blood circulation through, the distal regions of the toes of\n                    <jats:italic>A. vagrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    using histology in tandem with live\u2010animal videos. Specifically, we sectioned a toe of\n                    <jats:italic>A. vagrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 0.90\u2009\u03bcm, embedded it in Spurrs resin, and stained the tissue with toluidine blue. An additional three toes were sectioned at 10\u2009\u03bcm, embedded in paraffin, and after sectioning and mounting, treated with Verhoeff and Quad stains. For living salamanders, we recorded real\u2010time videos of blood flowing within individual toes upon a translucent surface oriented both horizontally (0\u00b0) and vertically (90\u00b0) to simulate both prostrate and vertical clinging scenarios, then analyzed the image sequences using ImageJ. We found that the vascularized toe tips have one large sinus cavity that is divided more proximally into two chambers via a septum, and there are mucous and granular glands in the dorsal and dorsolateral integument of the digit tips. Live\u2010animal trials revealed variable sinus\u2010filling both within and between toes, seemingly associated with variable pressure applied to the substrate when standing, stepping, clinging, and climbing. We conclude that\n                    <jats:italic>A. vagrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and likely other climbing salamanders, can functionally fill, trap, and drain the blood in their vascularized toe tips to optimize attachment, detachment, and complex arboreal locomotion (e.g., landing after gliding flight). Such an adaptation could provide insights for bioinspired designs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:50:16Z","timestamp":1736383816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vascular and Osteological Morphology of Expanded Digit Tips Suggests Specialization in the Wandering Salamander (\n                    <i>Aneides vagrans<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goldenberg Film Arcata California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia M.","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Gonzaga University Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3786-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Kate","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lycoming College Williamsport Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-0410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Staub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Gonzaga University Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics1010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2007.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-011-0658-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-006-0146-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Responses to Problems of Water and Electrolyte Balance by Salamanders (Genus Aneides) From Different Habitats","author":"Brown A. 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