{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:06:09Z","timestamp":1791396369211,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Anji Salamander (\n                    <jats:italic>Hynobius amjiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a critically\u2010endangered amphibian endemic to the Tianmushan Mountain area in southeastern China. As most of its congeneric species in the ancestral salamander family Hynobiidae, the osteology of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>amjiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    has remained essentially unknown and has hampered efforts in understanding morphological evolutionary patterns of early salamanders. Here, we investigate the skeletal anatomy of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>amjiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on microcomputed tomography scans of post\u2010metamorphosed juvenile and adult specimens. Our results reveal Hynobiidae has more early\u2010tetrapod\u2010like plesiomorphic characters than expected, as\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>amjiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    has a stapedial foramen in the middle ear and two centralia and a centrale\u2010radius contact in the limb. We demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Hynobius amjiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the first known living salamander species with a stapedial foramen whose absence was believed to unite salamanders and anurans, and hence opens major questions on the evolution of the middle ear in modern amphibians: if some salamanders and caecilians had a stapedial foramen inherited from their common ancestor, when and how many times was the foramen lost independently in modern amphibians, and how did this structural loss impact the phylogenetic evolution of salamander clades? Our findings of hyper\u2010ossified pectoral and pelvic girdles and loss of postminimus in the pes in\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>amjiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrate that functional morphological features in hynobiids are potentially informative in phylogeny and ontogeny of early salamanders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:55:31Z","timestamp":1738198531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anatomy of the Critically\u2010Endangered Anji Salamander (\n                    <i>Hynobius amjiensis<\/i>\n                    ) Provides New Insights Into Morphological Evolution of Salamanders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3825-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cang\u2010Song","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Museum of Natural History Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian\u2010Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anji Salamander National Natural Reserve Management Center Huzhou Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Museum of Natural History Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke\u2010Qin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Information on Amphibian Biology and Conservation","author":"AmphibiaWeb","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052110204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2024.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1980.tb01916.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16373\/j.cnki.ahr.150050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Habitat Monitoring of Hynobius amjiensis in Longwangshan, China","volume":"3","author":"Chen C. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"National Wetland"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Genome Survey and Characterization of New Microsatellite Markers in Hynobius amjiensis (Caudata: Hynobiidae)","volume":"59","author":"Chen K. Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Salamandra"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46661-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"On the Primary Divisions of the Salamandridae, With Descriptions of Two New Species","volume":"11","author":"Cope E. D.","year":"1859","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.44835"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/279882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2: Gymnophiona, Caudata","author":"Estes R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"Amphibians of China","author":"Fei L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"The Anatomy of the Salamander","author":"Francis E. T. B.","year":"1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Effects of Density and Food Availability on Growth and Cannibalism in Basin\u2010Raising Larval Salamanders (Hynobius amjiensis)","volume":"24","author":"Fu C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zoological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009828109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revision of the Gymnarthridae American Permian Microsaurs","volume":"10","author":"Gregory J. T.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Animal Science Research: A Symposium Issued to Celebrate the 90th Birthday of the Professor Mangven Ly Chang","author":"Gu H.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Research on Population Size and Dynamics of Hynobius amjiensis","volume":"18","author":"Gu H.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sichuan Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"IUCN. (2007).The Red List of Threatened Species.http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","author":"IUCN","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"e.T59089A638768","volume-title":"Hynobius amjiensis","author":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Urodeles From the Triassic and Jurassic of Soviet Central Asia","volume":"1978","author":"Ivachneneko M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Paleontological Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2016076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090020302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050200403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050450203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"526","article-title":"Hynobius amjiensis Found in Anhui province, China","volume":"48","author":"Li Y. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051160202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/6.3.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14203007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","first-page":"1684","volume-title":"Amphibian Biology","author":"Rose C. S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","volume-title":"A Monograph of the Tailed Batrachians of Japan","author":"Sato I.","year":"1943"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","volume-title":"The Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates","author":"Schmalhausen I. I.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46661-3_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10597"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"1782","volume-title":"Amphibian Biology","author":"Shubin N. H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004285620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods","author":"Trueb L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"The Skull, Volume 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity","author":"Trueb L.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/vz.65.e31512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"Wilder I. W.(1925).The Morphology of Amphibian Metamorphosis. Smith College Northampton."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1245.2011.00087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","article-title":"Population Genetic Structure of Critically Endangered Salamander (Hynobius amjiensis) in China: Recommendations for Conservation","volume":"15","author":"Yang J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genetics and Molecular Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602325103"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.70028","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmor.70028","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.70028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:56:57Z","timestamp":1770836217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.70028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.70028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.70028","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70028\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70028\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70028\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70028\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/JMOR.70028\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70028"}}