{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:33:05Z","timestamp":1789835585765,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although the surface micro\u2010ornamentation of the scales within the skin of snakes has been the subject of many previous studies, there has been little work done on the spectacle, a protective (keratinised) goggle separated from the underlying cornea by a sub\u2010spectacular space. The surface ultrastructure of the \u201cOberh\u00e4utchen\u201d of the spectacle is examined in nine species of snakes (five aquatic and four terrestrial) using light and electron microscopy, micro\u2010computed tomography and gel\u2010based profilometry. Significant topographic differences in cell size (increases of between 5.4% and 165% in the periphery), shape (central pentagonal\/hexagonal to long peripheral) and density (2579\u201310,391\u2009cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the centre vs. 2315\u20134291\u2009cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the periphery) are revealed. Small indentations in the surface (micropits) and\/or microholes in the cell membrane decorate the epithelial surface of all species, which also show a centre\u2010to\u2010periphery gradient in diameter (42.39\u2013120.55\u2009nm in the centre vs\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    63.76\u2013182.60\u2009nm in the periphery). Microridges are found on the superficial cells of the spectacle of only one species (the terrestrial Cantil Viper,\n                    <jats:italic>Agkistrodon bilineatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) with straight, parallel ridges in the centre (138.4\u2009\u00b1\u200928.2\u2009nm wide) and a more complex pattern of ridges (143.1\u2009\u00b1\u200919.1\u2009nm wide) in the periphery. The micro\u2010ornamentation of the spectacle in both land and sea snakes is compared with those found over the body scales and discussed with respect to a range of potential functions, while still allowing a clear optical pathway for vision.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T10:16:13Z","timestamp":1757499373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surface Topography and Ultrastructure of the Spectacular Cells in the Eyes of Land and Sea Snakes (Squamata, Reptilia): Functional Adaptations of Micro\u2010Ornamentation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"286","author":[{"given":"H. Barry","family":"Collin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung Hoon","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2715-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alizee","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Folwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Dunstan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Supplies Tanunda South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2794-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna","family":"Crowe\u2010Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun P.","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre (MPQC) for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-009-9547-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.16.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163622"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1411-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-014-0319-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00500.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1999.4121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1969.tb00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072556cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Minimising Disease Risk in Wildlife Management. 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