{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1790326835612,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The unique visual system of the Great Horned Owl (\n                    <jats:italic>Bubo virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a culmination of their interesting and variable ecology. Prior research has largely been centered on the posterior segment; however, a strong understanding of the anterior segment is critical for a complete understanding of their visual ecology and successful management of ocular diseases. The aim of this study was to, for the first time, describe in detail the normal anatomy of the periocular structures and anterior segment of the Great Horned Owl by gross dissection, bright field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The extraocular muscles were well developed and consisted of four rectus muscles, two oblique muscles, and the pyramidalis\u2010quadratus complex, which move the nictitans. A lacrimal gland was absent. The anterior corneal muscle was well developed and inserted primarily on the external wall of the scleral venous sinus. It is proposed that contraction of this muscle dilates the sinus and its associated drainage channels. The scleral venous sinus encircled the entire globe and was divided into anterior and posterior compartments by an annular artery. A small posterior corneal muscle was present. The annular pad of the lens consisted of radially arranged polygonal fibers. The lens cortex was composed of hexagonal fibers that interdigitated by means of ball\u2010and\u2010socket junctions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:40:35Z","timestamp":1789393235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Morphology of the Anterior Segment and Periorbita of the Great Horned Owl (\n                    <i>Bubo virginianus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"287","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology &amp; Vision Science, School of Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howie","family":"Howland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howie","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bret A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2015v36n6Supl2p4199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"The Birds of North America","author":"Artuso C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960301)33:4<320::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(67)80200-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"A Staining Method for Gross Dissection of Vertebrate Muscles","volume":"130","author":"Bock W. J.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Fine Structure of the Retinal Photoreceptors of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)","volume":"8","author":"Braekevelt C. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histology and Histopathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Fine Structure of the Pecten Oculi in the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)","volume":"8","author":"Braekevelt C. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histology and Histopathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Fine Structure of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)","volume":"8","author":"Braekevelt C. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histology and Histopathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.07.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.4.559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"The Electron Microscopy of the Normal Human Lens","volume":"4","author":"Cohen A. I.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0619-3_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200003000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4078198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 5: Barn Owls to Hummingbirds","author":"del Hoyo J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"809","article-title":"Interlocking Patterns on Primate Lens Fibers","volume":"11","author":"Dickson D. H.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"The Eye in Evolution","author":"Duke\u2010Elder S.","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0075905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"758","article-title":"The Great Horned Owl and Its Prey in North\u2010Central United States","volume":"277","author":"Errington P. L.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Evans H. E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90101-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.28.4.241.27837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.96145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Avian Myology","author":"George J. C.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2006.00476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice","author":"Gipson I. K.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/419554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases","author":"Greenwood A. G.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343810"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"406","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Corneal Epithelial Cell Surfaces Utilizing the Scanning Electron Microscope","volume":"13","author":"Harding C. V.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-8055-0443-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Vergleichende Untersuchungen Uber Den Einfluss Der Accommodation Auf Den Augendruck in Der Wirbethjerreihe","volume":"53","author":"Hess C.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Arch fur Augenhelkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Untersuchurgen Zur Vergleichenden Physiology Und Morphologie Des Accommodations Vorganges","volume":"62","author":"Hess C.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Arch fur Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Light Sensitivity and the Function of the Nictitating Membrane in the Owl","volume":"66","author":"Hill D. O.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02441.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"528","volume-title":"The Histology of the Fowl","author":"Hodges R. D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","volume-title":"Histology of the Human Eye","author":"Hogan M. J.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66468-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Comparative Anatomy of the Extrinsic Ocular Muscles in Vertebrates","volume":"150","author":"Isomura G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"Ocular Fine Structure","author":"Jakus M. A.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Avian Accommodation","volume":"12","author":"Jeffries J.","year":"1869","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040922011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Disorders of the Third Eyelid in Birds: 17 Cases","volume":"10","author":"Kern T. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1367896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/018.67.2016.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250003.2016.1207717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-015-0274-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","volume-title":"Owls of the World","author":"K\u00f6nig C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(66)90073-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1871.0068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091400411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00657122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2422424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1365983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/268636a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00619338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1986.tb02674.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"The Eye","author":"Maurice D. M.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","first-page":"489","volume-title":"The Eye","author":"Maurice D. M.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.7.3.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-4835(61)80006-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-012-0790-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71302-7_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.108613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","first-page":"703","article-title":"Towards a Schematic Eye for the Great Horned Owl","volume":"30","author":"Murphy C. J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00623904"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.181.11.1302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(83)90134-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Description Anatomique De L'oeil De I \u2018espece De Hibou Appelle Ulula","volume":"124","author":"Petit M.","year":"1736","journal-title":"Memoires de I'Academie des Sciences (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","first-page":"654","article-title":"The Normal Surface of Corneal Epithelium: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study","volume":"12","author":"Pfister R. R.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12553"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04371-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"Accommodation in Vertebrates: A Contemporary Survey","volume":"3","author":"Sivak J. G.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Current Topics in Eye Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90036-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050310302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook","author":"Spencer W. H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90075-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90055-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Nictitating Membrane of Birds and Mammals","volume":"62","author":"Stibbe E. P.","year":"1927","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.45.1.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.50.3.840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","volume-title":"Eye, Comparative Physiology","author":"Tripathi R.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(73)90157-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(73)90158-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90186-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","first-page":"644","volume-title":"The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation","author":"Walls G. L.","year":"1942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"The Harderian Glands of the Domestic Fowl: II. Histochemistry","volume":"110","author":"Wight P. A.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(85)90055-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","first-page":"456","article-title":"Eine Lage Quergestreifter Muskelbundel in Der Choroidea Der Vogel","volume":"4","author":"Wittich V.","year":"1853","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Wissen Shaftliche Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Uber Den Fontanaschen Raum in Vogelauge","volume":"4","author":"Wychgram E.","year":"1914","journal-title":"Arch Vergleiche Ophthalmologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.208"}],"container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.70173","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmor.70173","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmor.70173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:05:01Z","timestamp":1790323501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmor.70173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmor.70173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.70173","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-2525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70173"}}