{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:53:27Z","timestamp":1791438807842,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":361,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Morphology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One out of every two vertebrate species is a ray\u2010finned fish (Actinopterygii). The ~380\u2010million\u2010year fossil record of ray\u2010finned fishes provides a window into the evolutionary history of actinopterygian diversity in deep time. The actinopterygian fossil record shows that the ray\u2010finned fish crown group (Actinopterygii) lived alongside speciose members of now extinct lineages, collectively referred to as early actinopterygians. I review the evolutionary history of early actinopterygians through deep time, including morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, and the fossil record itself, to form a foundation for future research. Early actinopterygians are a paraphyletic assemblage of ~600 extinct species divided between ~22 named clades and the \u201cpalaeoniscoids,\u201d a taxonomic wastebasket comprised of hundreds of species. Although nearly a decade of phylogenetic research indicates that most early actinopterygians branch off the ray\u2010finned fish stem group, their interrelationships are largely unresolved. Notable gaps in the record of early actinopterygians, which ranges from the Early Devonian to the Early Cretaceous, include a nearly non\u2010existent Early Devonian record, an almost complete lack of Pennsylvanian\u2010Middle Permian marine assemblages, a gap in the Middle Triassic record obscuring the start of a decline in early actinopterygian diversity, and a sparsely documented Jurassic record. We are poised to build a reliable systematic framework for early actinopterygians via novel methods for phylogenetic analysis, fossil imaging, and the increased connectivity of paleoichthyologyists around the globe. The promise of a reliable systematic framework for early actinopterygians is to better describe the entire history of Actinopterygii and actinopterygian macroevolution in deep time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:40:55Z","timestamp":1791283255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Evolutionary History of Early Ray\u2010Finned Fishes (Pan\u2010Actinopterygii)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"287","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Stack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Bowie State University Bowie Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Permische ganoidfische aus Ostgr\u00f6nland","author":"Aldinger H.","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-824360-2.00023-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-018-1264-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2013.835642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Reassessment of the Morphology of Cheirolepis canadensis (Actinopterygii). 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