{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:28:24Z","timestamp":1760099304756},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1050364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Molecular Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Superantigens secreted by the bacterial pathogen <jats:italic>Staphyloccocus aureus<\/jats:italic> are extremely potent toxins that overstimulate the host immune system by binding to the MHC class II and T cell receptors and activating a large population of T cells. Superantigen infection has been shown to be the causative agents in acute diseases, food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, and in more chronic conditions such as inflammatory skin diseases. In addition to the toll on public health, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> superantigens also represent a potential biothreat to our national security. To address these risks, a number of different therapeutic strategies have been developed that target different aspects of the pathogenic mechanism of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and superantigen infection. These therapies, which encompass strategies as diverse as production of neutralizing antibodies, inhibitory peptide\/receptor design and blockage of superantigen gene transcription, are being tested for treatment of established <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infections in pre\u2010 and post\u2010exposure scenarios. In this review, we will describe these different strategies and their efficacies in inhibition of superantigen\u2010induced effects in the host, and present the future outlook for successfully producing therapies for superantigen\u2010based disease. Copyright \u00a9 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,24]],"date-time":"2003-04-24T17:01:44Z","timestamp":1051203704000},"page":"91-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Therapeutic approaches to superantigen\u2010based diseases: a review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hong\u2010Geller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goutam","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/74672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.6.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(00)00272-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005446200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1995.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.2.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.11.4937-4939.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.56.2.400-404.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419009105728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365642a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(85)90349-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.38.100184.001531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2282-2287.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0702-611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.6.4.428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.9.4302","article-title":"Fas ligand\u2010mediated cytotoxicity is directly responsible for apoptosis of normal CD4+ T cells responding to a bacterial superantigen","volume":"154","author":"Ettinger R","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.7.2367-2374.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.3.1023-1032.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.5.1659-1665.1996","article-title":"A Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) vaccine and CP\u2010 specific antibodies protect mice against bacterial challenge","volume":"64","author":"Fattom AI","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384188a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.10.3444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.12.4663","article-title":"Production of TNF\u2010alpha and TNF\u2010beta by staphylococcal enterotoxin A activated human T cells","volume":"144","author":"Fischer H","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/339221a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(99)01657-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Expanding perspectives on the toxic shock syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Freeman JD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Intern. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(01)00496-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3188","article-title":"Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of IL\u201010 on human CD8+ T cells","volume":"160","author":"Groux H","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2989-2994.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368711a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.8.3408-3415.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2524876"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.18.8462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.3.445-447.1985","article-title":"Method for the serological typing of the capsular polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"22","author":"Karakawa WW","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.5.1090-1095.1988","article-title":"Capsular antibodies induce type\u2010specific phagocytosis of capsulated Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"56","author":"Karakawa WW","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01292-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2001.4560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7997880"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-120003407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8093647"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-46-2-171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.22.1.62-68.1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358255a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(95)03202-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.2.460-463.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2278-2281.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.6.823"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi002172e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.3.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.248.4959.1066-b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.2.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.4.1158-1164.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5228","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.10.5228","article-title":"DNA sequencing of the gene encoding a bacterial superantigen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis\u2010derived mitogen (YPM), and characterization of the gene product, cloned YPM","volume":"154","author":"Miyoshi\u2010Akiyama T","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.414-420.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.3057","article-title":"Plasma from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen\u2010induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production","volume":"156","author":"Norrby\u2010Teglund A","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3261-3268.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01793-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/418469b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.1.208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.16.7727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610313351807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.3869","article-title":"Toxic shock syndrome toxin\u20101\u2010induced death is prevented by CTLA4Ig","volume":"157","author":"Saha B","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","series-title":"International Congress and Symposium Series","volume-title":"European Conference on Toxic Shock Syndrome","author":"Schlievert PM","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.7.2237","article-title":"Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in monokine induction by the staphylococcal superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin\u20101","volume":"148","author":"Scholl PR","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/77325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)89011-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00176-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(01)00497-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.875-884.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V72247","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharide\u2013Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A conjugate vaccine in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"7","author":"Welch PG","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90980-X"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmr.612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmr.612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T23:20:37Z","timestamp":1700263237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmr.612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmr.612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmr.612","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3499","1099-1352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3499","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}}}