{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:05:19Z","timestamp":1785528319064,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Molecular Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hypervariable (V<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\/D\/J<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>) regions of T\u2010cell receptors (TCR) have been sequenced in a variety of autoimmune diseases by various investigators. An analysis of some of these sequences shows that TCR from both human diabetics and NOD mice mimic insulin, glucagon, the insulin receptor, and the glucagon receptor. Such similarities are not found in the TCR produced in other human autoimmune diseases. These data may explain how insulin, glucagon, and their receptors are targets of autoimmunity in diabetes and also suggest that TCR mimicking insulin and its receptor may be targets of anti\u2010insulin autoantibodies. Such intra\u2010systemic mimicry of self\u2010proteins also raises complex questions about how \u201cself\u201d and \u201cnonself\u201d are regulated during TCR production, especially in light of the complementarity of insulin for its receptor and glucagon for its receptor. The data presented here suggest that some TCR may be complementary to other TCR in autoimmune diseases, a possibility that is experimentally testable. Such complementarity, if it exists, could either serve to down\u2010regulate the clones bearing such TCR or, alternatively, trigger an intra\u2010immune system civil war between them. Copyright \u00a9 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T18:19:49Z","timestamp":1228241989000},"page":"177-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autoreactive T\u2010cell receptor (V<i>\u03b2<\/i>\/D\/J<i>\u03b2<\/i>) sequences in diabetes are homologous to insulin, glucagon, the insulin receptor, and the glucagon receptor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Root\u2010Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v27.i3.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.142284899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.14.6167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.43.11.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8950","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50372-6","article-title":"Detection of a new hormone contat site within the insulin receptor ectodomain by the use of a novel photoreactive insulin","volume":"267","author":"Fabry M","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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