{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:51:52Z","timestamp":1790866312200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with epilepsy often present in their electroencephalogram (EEG) short electrical potentials (spikes or spike\u2010wave bursts) that are not accompanied by clinical manifestations but are of important diagnostic significance. They result from a population of abnormally hyperactive and hypersynchronous neurons. It is not easy to determine the location of the cerebral generators and the other brain regions that may be involved as a result of this abnormal activity. The possibility to combine EEG recording with functional MRI (fMRI) scanning opens the opportunity to uncover the regions of the brain showing changes in the fMRI signal in response to epileptic spikes seen in the EEG. These regions are presumably involved in the abnormal neuronal activity at the origin of epileptic discharges. This paper reviews the methodology involved in performing such studies, particularly the challenge of recording a good quality EEG inside the MR scanner while scanning is taking place, and the methods required for the statistical analysis of the combined EEG and fMRI time series. We review the results obtained in patients with different types of epileptic disorders and discuss the difficult theoretical problems raised by the interpretation of an increase (activation) and decrease (deactivation) in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, both frequently seen in response to spikes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T20:15:43Z","timestamp":1146255343000},"page":"906-920","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":244,"title":["Combining EEG and fMRI: A multimodal tool for epilepsy research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Gotman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Bagshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian\u2010G.","family":"B\u00e9nar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Dubeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01128858"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-884X(96)95686-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00062-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00460.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00458-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200403000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.841263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.13.5951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(93)90156-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"666","article-title":"Ictal SPECT using technetium\u201099m\u2010HMPAO: methods for rapid preparation and optimal deployment of tracer during spontaneous seizures","volume":"34","author":"Newton MR","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"SPECT: neurobiology of periictal blood flow alterations","volume":"83","author":"Berkovic SF","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910380614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00383-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(200005)10:1<10::AID-HBM20>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0599"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200011)44:5<791::AID-MRM17>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00456-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00048-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2003.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0361"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(98)00017-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.9.1679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200007)12:1<177::AID-JMRI20>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.01003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0853"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:5\/6<373::AID-HBM8>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910350312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Event related fMRI","volume":"2","author":"Josephs O","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00290-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1113"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"The choice of basis functions in event\u2010related fMRI","volume":"127","author":"Henson RNA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:3<160::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00316-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0435"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","first-page":"S480","article-title":"Statistical modeling of low\u2010frequency confounds in fMRI","volume":"5","author":"Holmes AP","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1239\/aap\/1029955192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0248"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0595"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504935102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","article-title":"Negative BOLD responses to epileptic spikes","author":"Kobayashi E","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.850"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2000.0464"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1677"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2001.tb00473.x","article-title":"Spatio\u2010temporal imaging of focal interictal epileptiform activity using EEG\u2010triggered functional MRI","volume":"3","author":"Krakow K","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_2","first-page":"1916","article-title":"Echo\u2010planar functional MR imaging of epilepsy with concurrent EEG monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Patel MR","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2233010360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.27802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00427.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000156358.72670.AD"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000154640.23656.A3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(98)00017-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.02502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2003.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.6.976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00294-5","article-title":"fMRI \u201cdeactivation\u201d of the posterior cingulate during generalized spike and wave","volume":"20","author":"Archer JS","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1831638100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026683200895"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"The use of functional constraints for the neuromagnetic inverse problem: alternatives and caveats","volume":"3","author":"Gonzales\u2010Andino SL","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Bioelectromag"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35084005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199709290-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299980848"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2545"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00052-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8945"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/79.962275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81138-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:3<195::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.568913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_2","article-title":"Assessing the relevance of fMRI\u2010based prior in the EEG inverse problem: a Bayesian model comparison approach","author":"Daunizeau J","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sign Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_2","article-title":"A symmetrical Bayesian model for fMRI and EEG\/MEG neuroimage fusion","volume":"3","author":"Trujillo\u2010Barreto N","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Bioelectromagn"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00228-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-4-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200212200-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LahayePJ BailletS PolineJB GarneroL.Fusion of simultaneous fMRI\/EEG data based on the electro\u2010metabolic coupling. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro Arlington VA USA April2004.864\u2013867.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2004.1398675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200110000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-10-03963.2003","article-title":"The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal","volume":"3","author":"Logothetis NK","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2132096100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000161078.53641.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910390109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(02)00627-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.61002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.21504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020107"}],"container-title":["Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmri.20577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.20577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T18:59:26Z","timestamp":1736362766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmri.20577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmri.20577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.20577","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-1807","1522-2586"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-1807","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2586","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]]}}}