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Noninvasive temperature monitoring is feasible with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging based on temperature\u2010sensitive MR parameters such as the proton resonance frequency (PRF), the diffusion coefficient (D), T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    relaxation times, magnetization transfer, the proton density, as well as temperature\u2010sensitive contrast agents. In this article the principles of temperature measurements with these methods are reviewed and their usefulness for monitoring in vivo procedures is discussed. Whereas most measurements give a temperature change relative to a baseline condition, temperature\u2010sensitive contrast agents and spectroscopic imaging can provide absolute temperature measurements. The excellent linearity and temperature dependence of the PRF and its near independence of tissue type have made PRF\u2010based phase mapping methods the preferred choice for many in vivo applications. Accelerated MRI imaging techniques for real\u2010time monitoring with the PRF method are discussed. Special attention is paid to acquisition and reconstruction methods for reducing temperature measurement artifacts introduced by tissue motion, which is often unavoidable during in vivo applications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:376\u2013390. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T15:47:18Z","timestamp":1201189638000},"page":"376-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1106,"title":["MR thermometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Viola","family":"Rieke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Butts Pauly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"2258","article-title":"Clinical and biological studies of localized hyperthermia","volume":"39","author":"Kim JH","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1991.tb09897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(84)90379-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0265673031000119006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002610000197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.873296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730410001721816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880080122"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880080125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200010)12:4<525::AID-JMRI3>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","volume-title":"The principles of nuclear magnetism","author":"Abragam A","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","volume-title":"Theory of rate processes in biology and medicine","author":"Johnson F","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2004.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.73.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1984.325382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595535"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","first-page":"525","article-title":"Temperature relationships of proton spin\u2010lattice relaxation time T1 in biological tissues","volume":"67","author":"Lewa CJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910310608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880020513"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200006)43:6<901::AID-MRM18>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880040114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910350307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(87)90020-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(75)90225-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2332030454"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910390206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","unstructured":"GandhiS DanielBL ButtsK.Temperature dependence of relaxation times in bovine adipose tissue. 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