{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:13:10Z","timestamp":1761894790932},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,26]],"date-time":"2008-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the major technical challenges associated with in utero single\u2010voxel proton spectroscopy of amniotic fluid and fetal lung and to evaluate the feasibility of performing in utero fetal spectroscopy for fetal lung maturity testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy of amniotic fluid and fetal lung were performed at 1.5 T in 8 near\u2010term pregnant women. Presence\/absence of lactate and choline peaks was tabulated. Ex vivo spectra were obtained from amniotic fluid samples to investigate and refine sequence parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spectroscopy failed in 3 of 8 cases due to maternal discomfort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1) or fetal gastroschisis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2). Both fetal motion and low signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio were limiting factors for the remaining 5 clinical in vivo studies at 1.5 T. Ex vivo and in vivo studies suggested feasibility for detecting lactate from amniotic fluid within a reasonable clinical scan time (4\u20135 minutes). Lactate was detected in 3 of 5 patients. Choline detection was limited and was detected in 1 patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Minor motion effects can be overcome but continuous fetal motion is problematic. Lactate detection seems clinically feasible, but choline detection requires additional technical development and, potentially, further imaging at a higher field strength because of the low signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio at 1.5 T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1033\u20131038. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,27]],"date-time":"2008-09-27T00:56:52Z","timestamp":1222477012000},"page":"1033-1038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In vivo <sup>1<\/sup>H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of amniotic fluid and fetal lung at 1.5 T: Technical challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Dong\u2010Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiarash","family":"Vahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Caughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fergus V.","family":"Coakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Vigneron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kurhanewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Mow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bonnie N.","family":"Joe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01715-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1992.20.5.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","volume-title":"Essentials of obstetrics and gynecology","author":"Hacker NF","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70278-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200003000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2232011620"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.891"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970130609"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0731-7085(93)80167-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","unstructured":"JordanKC.Evaluation of human prostate tissue metabolites with HRMAS1HNMR after three\u2010year storage at \u221280\u00b0C. 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