{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:02:52Z","timestamp":1791511372843,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) comprise a group of clinical syndromes associated with spike wave discharges, putatively linked to alterations in neurotransmission. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with IGE have altered glutamine and \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels indicative of altered excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in frontal regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single\u2010voxel MEGA\u2010edited PRESS magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectra were acquired from a 30\u2010mL voxel in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 13 patients with IGE (8 female) and 16 controls (9 female) at 3T. Metabolite concentrations were derived using LCModel. Differences between groups were investigated using an unpaired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with IGE were found to have significantly higher glutamine than controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). GABA levels were also elevated in patients with IGE (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with IGE have increased frontal glutamine and GABA compared with controls. Since glutamine has been suggested to act as a surrogate for metabolically active glutamate, it may represent a marker for excitatory neurotransmission. <jats:bold>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:694\u2013699.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 <jats:bold>2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1393844062000},"page":"694-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Investigation of glutamine and GABA levels in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy using MEGAPRESS"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Fahmida A.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth L.","family":"O'Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Nashef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Elwes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Edden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toshiba Medical Research Institute Mayfield Village Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth J.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimaging Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.00309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000086903.69738.DC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.074682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.6.709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.19102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10697"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03913.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1620"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::AID-NBM530>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200005)13:3<129::AID-NBM619>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.077889.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Epilepsy 2011 from science to society","author":"Rugg\u2010Gunn FJ","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200103)45:3<517::AID-MRM1068>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.12.5662"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002192"}],"container-title":["Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmri.24611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.24611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T13:48:50Z","timestamp":1696340930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmri.24611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmri.24611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.24611","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-1807","1522-2586"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-1807","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2586","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]}}}