{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T15:24:59Z","timestamp":1775921099609,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the time dependency of apparent diffusion coefficient <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> and apparent diffusional kurtosis <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> in vivo in the human calf.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diffusion\u2010weighted images of five healthy male volunteers were acquired using a 1.5T MR scanner. A stimulated echo sequence with echo planar imaging readout was used with diffusion gradients oriented along the three main axes. Mixing times (TM) of 100, 300, 500, and 700 ms and <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2010values ranging from 0 to 5600 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> were used. <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> decreased with increasing TM. As an example for absolute values, <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> of the tibialis anterior drops from 1.18 \u00b1 0.04 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/ms (TM = 100 ms) to 0.86 \u00b1 0.02 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/ms (TM = 700 ms) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> from 0.38 \u00b1 0.06 to 0.32 \u00b1 0.03 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.046) for a diffusion weighting along the left\u2013right direction. <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> was smaller than 0.43 in all muscles and at all TMs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clearly observed time\u2010dependence of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> is an indicator of restricted diffusion in muscle tissue and may thus be a promising marker to investigate alterations of the microstructure. Compared to typical kurtosis values in white matter tissue of the brain, the kurtosis in muscle tissue is much smaller, which we attribute to the absence of the almost impermeable myelin sheath. <jats:bold>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1581\u20131590<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T12:36:45Z","timestamp":1409661405000},"page":"1581-1590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["In vivo imaging of the time\u2010dependent apparent diffusional kurtosis in the human calf muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Anja Maria","family":"Marschar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan Anselm","family":"Kuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Stieltjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Imaging Based Disease Characterization German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin Michael","family":"Nagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bachert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik Bernd","family":"Laun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Quantitative Imaging Based Disease Characterization German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Diffusion MRI: theory, methods, and applications","author":"Jones DK","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2493080080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(76)85754-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1186-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e31817e909f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-003-0505-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Time\u2010dependent diffusion coefficient as a probe of geometry","volume":"23","author":"Sen PN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Concepts Magn Reson A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.79.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.47.8565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"NovikovDS FieremansE JensenJH HelpernJA.Time\u2010dependent diffusion and kurtosis as a probe of tissue structure. 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