{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:20:30Z","timestamp":1778822430875,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,13]],"date-time":"2016-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heart & Stroke Foundation","award":["000223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000223"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["355795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["355795"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0003\"\/> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> relaxation time response to a wide spectrum of gas challenges in extracranial tissues of healthy rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A range of graded gas mixtures (hyperoxia, hypercapnia, hypoxia, and hypercapnic hypoxia) were delivered through a controlled gas\u2010mixing circuit to mechanically ventilated and intubated rats. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 3T clinical scanner; \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0004\"\/> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> maps were computed to determine tissue response in the liver, kidney cortex, and paraspinal muscles. Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were measured through a rodent oximeter and physiological monitor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0005\"\/> decreases consistent with lowered SaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> measurements were observed for hypercapnia and hypoxia, but decreases were significant only in liver and kidney cortex (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) for &gt;10% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and &lt;15% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, with the new gas stimulus, hypercapnic hypoxia, producing the greatest \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0006\"\/> decrease. Hyperoxia\u2010related \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0007\"\/> increases were accompanied by negligible increases in SaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> generally increased, if at all, in the liver and decreased in the kidney. Significance was observed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) only in kidney for &gt;90% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and &gt;5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0008\"\/> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> provide complementary roles for evaluating extracranial tissue response to a broad range of gas challenges. Based on both measured and known physiological responses, our results are consistent with \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25169-math-0009.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25169:jmri25169-math-0009\"\/> as a sensitive marker of blood oxygen saturation and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> as a weak marker of blood volume changes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:305\u2013316.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,13]],"date-time":"2016-02-13T15:38:07Z","timestamp":1455377887000},"page":"305-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["and T<sub>1<\/sub> assessment of abdominal tissue response to graded hypoxia and hypercapnia using a controlled gas mixing circuit for small animals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Tameshwar","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biology &amp; Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto  Canada"},{"name":"Physiology &amp; Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab Animal Services, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Duffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia University of Toronto  Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai Ling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biology &amp; Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto  Canada"},{"name":"Physiology &amp; Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute Toronto Canada"},{"name":"The Edward S. 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