{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:37:00Z","timestamp":1760985420570,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,12]],"date-time":"2016-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R25CA089017","P41RR019703","P41EB015898","R21CA167800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25CA089017","P41RR019703","P41EB015898","R21CA167800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess whether \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25226-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25226:jmri25226-math-0001\"\/> mapping with a standard Monoexponential (ME) or a Gaussian Augmentation of the Monoexponential (GAME) decay model better characterizes gradient\u2010echo signal decays in gynecological cancers after external beam radiation therapy at 3T, and evaluate implications of modeling for noninvasive identification of intratumoral hypoxia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Materials and Methods: Multi\u2010gradient\u2010echo signals were acquired on 25 consecutive patients with gynecologic cancers and three healthy participants during inhalation of different oxygen concentrations at 3T. Data were fitted with both ME and GAME models. Models were compared using F\u2010tests in tumors and muscles in patients, muscles, cervix, and uterus in healthy participants, and across oxygenation levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GAME significantly improved fitting over ME (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05): Improvements with GAME covered 34% of tumor regions\u2010of\u2010interest on average, ranging from 6% (of a vaginal tumor) to 68% (of a cervical tumor) in individual tumors. Improvements with GAME were more prominent in areas that would be assumed hypoxic based on ME alone, reaching 90% as ME \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25226-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25226:jmri25226-math-0002\"\/> approached 100\u2009Hz. Gradient echo decay parameters at different oxygenation levels were not significantly different (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.81).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25226-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25226:jmri25226-math-0003\"\/> may prove sensitive to hypoxia; however, inaccurate representations of underlying data may limit the success of quantitative assessments. Although the degree to which <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or \u03c3 values correlate with hypoxia remains unknown, improved characterization with GAME increases the potential for determining any correlates of fit parameters with biomarkers, such as oxygenation status. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:1020\u20131030.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T05:35:53Z","timestamp":1457933753000},"page":"1020-1030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterizing gradient echo signal decays in gynecologic cancers at 3T using a Gaussian augmentation of the monoexponential (GAME) model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Pelin A.","family":"Ciris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mukund","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Radiology Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio L.","family":"Damato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi T.","family":"Seethamraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthcare Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Tempany\u2010Afdhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert V.","family":"Mulkern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Radiology Boston Children's 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