{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:37:48Z","timestamp":1770223068123,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#402039\u20102011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#402039\u20102011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To visualize healthy and abnormal articular cartilage, we investigated the potential of using the 3D multi\u2010echo gradient echo (GRE) signal's magnitude and frequency and maps of \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25438-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25438:jmri25438-math-0001\"\/> relaxation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After optimizing imaging parameters in five healthy volunteers, 3D multi\u2010echo GRE magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired at 3T in four patients with chondral damage prior to their arthroscopic surgery. Average magnitude and frequency information was extracted from the GRE images, and \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25438-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25438:jmri25438-math-0002\"\/> maps were generated. Cartilage abnormalities were confirmed after arthroscopy and were graded using the Outerbridge classification scheme. Regions of interest were identified on average magnitude GRE images and compared to arthroscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All four patients presented with regions of Outerbridge Grade I and II cartilage damage on arthroscopy. One patient had Grade III changes. Grade I, II, and III changes were detectable on average magnitude and \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jmri25438-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:10531807:media:jmri25438:jmri25438-math-0003\"\/> maps, while Grade II and higher changes were also observable on MR frequency maps. For average magnitude images of healthy volunteers, the signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio of the magnitude image averaged over three echoes was 4.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32, 12.26\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09, 14.31\u2009\u00b1\u20091.93, and 13.36\u2009\u00b1\u20091.13 in bone, femoral, tibial, and patellar cartilage, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This proof\u2010of\u2010principle study demonstrates the feasibility of using different imaging contrasts from the 3D multi\u2010echo GRE scan to visualize abnormalities of the articular cartilage. \u00a9 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Level of Evidence<\/jats:bold>: 1<\/jats:p><jats:p>J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1502\u20131513<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T17:53:15Z","timestamp":1472233995000},"page":"1502-1513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multi\u2010echo GRE imaging of knee cartilage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC MRI Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jachin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver 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