{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:05:08Z","timestamp":1787313908203,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["260321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Texture analysis methods based on gray level co\u2010occurrence matrices (GLCM) can be optimized to probe the spatial correspondence information from knee MRI T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      maps and the changes caused by osteoarthritis, and thus possibly leading to a more sensitive characterization of osteoarthritic cartilage. Curvature of the cartilage surfaces combined with the low image resolution in relation to cartilage thickness set special requirements for an effective texture analysis tool.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To introduce a novel implementation of GLCM algorithm optimized for cartilage texture analysis; to evaluate the performance of the designed algorithm against mean T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      relaxation time analysis; and to identify the most suitable texture features for discerning osteoarthritic subjects and asymptomatic controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population\/Subjects\/Phantom\/Specimen\/animal Model<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty symptomatic osteoarthritis patients and 64 asymptomatic controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multislice multiecho spin echo sequence on a 3T MRI system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      relaxation time maps were manually segmented by an operator trained for the task. Texture analysis was performed using an in\u2010house algorithm developed in MATLAB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects were compared using Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test. Repeatability of different features was addressed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Spearman's correlations between the features were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The algorithm displayed excellent performance in discerning symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Fifteen features provided a significant difference between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.05) and 12 of those had\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values smaller than the mean T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      differences. Most of the studied texture features were highly repeatable with CCC over 90%. For the features with significant differences, correlation with mean T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      was low or moderate (|r| \u2264 0.5).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With careful parameter and feature selection and algorithm optimization, texture analysis provides a powerful tool for assessing knee osteoarthritis with more sensitive detection of cartilage degeneration compared to the mean value of the T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      relaxation times in an identical region of interest.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Level of Evidence<\/jats:bold>\n                      : 2\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:bold>\n                      Stage 2\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1316\u20131327.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T09:46:55Z","timestamp":1509529615000},"page":"1316-1327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Variable angle gray level co\u2010occurrence matrix analysis of T\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    relaxation time maps reveals degenerative changes of cartilage in knee osteoarthritis: Oulu knee osteoarthritis study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Arttu","family":"Peuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology, University of Oulu Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu 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