{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:21:48Z","timestamp":1777893708579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5RO1\u2010AR\u2010053343\u201008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5RO1\u2010AR\u2010053343\u201008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VA\u20101 I01 RX001694\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VA\u20101 I01 RX001694\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary incontinence is a major clinical problem arising primarily from age\u2010related degenerative changes to the sphincter muscles. However, the precise anatomy of the normal male sphincter muscles has yet to be established. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may offer a unique insight into muscle microstructure and fiber architecture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the anatomy of the urethral sphincter muscles pertinent to urinary continence function using DT\u2010MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven normal male subjects (mean age: 25.4 years); two subjects were scanned in three separate sessions to assess reproducibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3T; using a diffusion\u2010weighted spin echo planar sequence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>DT parameters including fractional anisotropy (FA), primary (\u03bb<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), secondary (\u03bb<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and tertiary (\u03bb<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) eigenvalues, Apparent diffusion coefficient and radial diffusivity were analyzed statistically, while tracked muscle fibers were assessed visually.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regional differences (sphincters and longitudinal muscle of the urethra) in the DTI indices were assessed by one\u2010way analysis of variance. A Tukey post\u2010hoc test was used to identify significant differences between muscle regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two sphincter muscles, one proximal near the base of the bladder, corresponding to the lisso\u2010sphincter, and the other distal to the end of the prostate corresponding to the rhabdo\u2010sphincter, surrounding a central urethral muscle fiber bundle, were clearly identified. FA was higher and \u03bb<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> lower in the proximal sphincter muscle compared to the central urethral muscle and the distal sphincter (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The average coefficient of variation ranged from 5\u201312% for the DTI indices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since DTI values are known to reflect underlying tissue microarchitecture, significant differences in DTI indices identified here between the muscles of the urethral complex may potentially arise from differences in tissue microarchitecture that may in turn be related to the specific function of the sphincter and other muscles.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Level of Evidence<\/jats:bold>: 1<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:bold>: Stage 2<\/jats:p><jats:p>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1002\u20131011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,24]],"date-time":"2018-03-24T03:02:58Z","timestamp":1521860578000},"page":"1002-1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Exploration of male urethral sphincter complex using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)\u2010based fiber\u2010tracking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Shantanu","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology University of California San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics San Diego State University San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Malis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology University of California San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics University of California San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valmik","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine San Diego VA Health Care System  California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology San Diego VA Health Care System  California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahadevan","family":"Rajasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology San Diego VA Health Care System  California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67106-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62521-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930140602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24641"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.899173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2005.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"vIST\/e. 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