{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T03:05:52Z","timestamp":1761102352343,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24591746","JP23791385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24591746","JP23791385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is limited evidence of parametric MR mapping to characterize carotid plaques associated with cerebral ischemic events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) and longitudinal relaxation rates (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) of carotid plaques, including areas of hemorrhage, lipid\u2010rich\/necrotic core (LR\/NC) without hemorrhage, and fibrous tissue (Fbr)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> was measured using double angle Look\u2013Locker acquisition on 3T systems. Single\u2010shot spin\u2010echo echo\u2010planar imaging with fat suppression and outer\u2010volume suppression (OVS\u2010DWEPI) with <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> values of 10 and 500 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> was used for diffusion\u2010weighted imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>A phantom study using diluted gadolinium solutions and polyvinyl alcohol solutions was used to validate the two protocols. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually outlined on MR images for areas of LR\/NC, hemorrhage, and Fbr based on histological cross\u2010sections. Pixel\u2010based <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and ADC values in the ROIs were plotted for each component. The probability density function of the plots determined the optimum contours to separate the three components in the ADC\u2010<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> plane. The LR\/NC, hemorrhage, and Fbr regions were mapped on MR images based on the above results and compared to histological results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> values of the phantom measurements were tested using Bland\u2013Altman analysis. The accuracies of the MRI classification were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> values &lt;8 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> calculated using our method agreed with those calculated using an inversion\u2010recovery fast\u2010spin\u2010echo sequence (error, \u22640.1 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). ADC values obtained using OVS\u2010DWEPI were 4.1% higher than those obtained using standard echo\u2010planar imaging. LR\/NC (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, 0.4\u20131.2 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; ADC, 0\u20131.5 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/ms), hemorrhage (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2265\u20091.5 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; ADC, 0.5\u20131.5 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/ms), and Fbr (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, 0.2\u20130.8 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; ADC, 1.5\u20132.9 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/ms) were separated on the plots. The accuracies of MRI classification were LR\/NC, 0.86; hemorrhage, 0.79; and Fbr, 0.77.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of ADC and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> values measured using our method enabled differentiation among LR\/NC, hemorrhage, and Fbr.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:bold> 1<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Technical Efficacy:<\/jats:bold> Stage 2<\/jats:p><jats:p>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1657\u20131667<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T13:10:27Z","timestamp":1539695427000},"page":"1657-1667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantitative characterization of carotid plaque components using MR apparent diffusion coefficients and longitudinal relaxation rates at 3T: A comparison with histology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Ota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Tohoku University Hospital  Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Physics Tohoku University Graduate School of 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