{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:44Z","timestamp":1786978184099,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK108231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK108231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Susceptibility differences between fat and water can cause changes in the water\u2010fat frequency separation that can negatively affect the accuracy of fat fraction techniques. This may be especially relevant for brown adipose tissue, as MRI fat fraction techniques have been proposed for its detection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To assess the effect of microscopic magnetic susceptibility gradients on the water\u2010fat frequency separation and its impact on chemical\u2010shift\u2010based fat fraction quantification techniques in the supraclavicular fat, where brown adipose tissue is commonly found in humans.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Prospective.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population\/Subjects\/Phantom\/Specimen\/Animal Model<\/jats:title>\n Subjects: 11 healthy volunteers, mean age of 26 and mean BMI of 23, three overweight volunteers, mean age of 38 and mean BMI of 33. Phantoms: bovine phantom and intralipid fat emulsion. Simulations: various water\u2010fat distributions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n Six\u2010echo gradient echo chemical\u2010shift\u2010encoded sequence at 3T.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n Fat fraction values as obtained from a water\u2010fat spectral model accounting for susceptibility\u2010induced water\u2010fat frequency variations were directly compared to traditional spectral models that assume constant water\u2010fat frequency separation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n \n Two\u2010tail\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests were used for significance testing (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05.) A Bayesian Information Criterion difference of 6 between fits was taken as strong evidence of an improved model.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Phantom experiments and simulation results showed variations of the water\u2010fat frequency separation up to 0.4\u2009ppm and 0.6\u2009ppm, respectively. In the supraclavicular area, the water\u2010fat frequency separation produced by magnetic susceptibility gradients varied by as much as \u00b10.4\u2009ppm, with a mean of 0.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2009ppm, producing a mean difference in fat fraction of \u20131.26\u2009\u00b1\u20095.26%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n In the supraclavicular fat depot, microscopic susceptibility gradients that exist within a voxel between water and fat compartments can produce variations in the water\u2010fat frequency separation. These variations may produce fat fraction quantification errors of 5% when a spectral model with a fixed water\u2010fat frequency separation is applied, which could impact MR brown fat techniques.<\/jats:p>\n \n Level of Evidence:<\/jats:bold>\n 1\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Technical Efficacy:<\/jats:bold>\n Stage 1\n <\/jats:p>\n J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:141\u2013151.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T16:07:42Z","timestamp":1538755662000},"page":"141-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of microscopic susceptibility gradients on chemical\u2010shift\u2010based fat fraction quantification in supraclavicular fat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Drew","family":"McCallister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physical Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Burant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Tamara","family":"Branca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0622"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366740a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016150390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"46001","article-title":"Correlations between quantitative fat\u2010water magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue","volume":"2","author":"Gifford A","year":"2015","journal-title":"JMed Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Imaging cold\u2010activated brown adipose tissue using dynamic T2*\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging and 2\u2010deoxy\u20102\u2010[18F]fluoro\u2010D\u2010glucose positron emission tomography","volume":"48","author":"Rooijen BD","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallisterA ZhangL BurantA KatzL BrancaRT.A pilot study on the correlation between fat fraction values and glucose uptake values in supraclavicular fat by simultaneous PET\/MRI. 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