{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:32:41Z","timestamp":1787502761575,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johannes and Frieda Marohn Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary neuromuscular disease leading to progressive muscle wasting. Since there is a need for MRI variables that serve as early sensitive indicators of response to treatment, several quantitative MRI methods have been suggested for disease monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate the potential of sodium (\n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na) and proton (\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H) MRI methods to assess early pathological changes in skeletal muscle of DMD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Prospective clinical study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n \n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na and\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H MRI of the right leg were performed in 13 patients with DMD (age 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4) and 14 healthy boys (age 9.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n \n 3\u2009T including a multiecho\u2010spin\u2010echo sequence, diffusion\u2010weighted sequences,\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H spectroscopy, 3\u2010pt Dixon, and\n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na ultrashort echo time sequences.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n \n We obtained water T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n maps, fat fraction (FF), pH, and diffusion properties of the skeletal muscle tissue. Moreover, total tissue sodium concentration (TSC) was calculated from the\n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na sequence. Intracellular\u2010weighted\n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na signal (ICwS) was derived from\n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na inversion\u2010recovery imaging.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n Results from DMD patients and controls were compared using Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum tests and repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA). Spearman\u2010rank correlations and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to assess the performance of the different MRI methods to distinguish dystrophic from healthy muscle tissue.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n FF, water T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , and pH were higher in DMD patients (0.07\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03, 39.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009msec, 7.06\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03, all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05) than in controls (0.02\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01, 36.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009msec, 7.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02). No difference was observed in diffusion properties. TSC (26.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3\u2009mM,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05) and ICwS (0.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009a.u.,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05) were elevated in DMD (controls: 16.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3\u2009mM and 0.47\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04\u2009a.u.). The ICwS was frequently abnormal in DMD even when water T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , FF, and pH were in the normal range.\n 23<\/jats:sup>\n Na MRI showed higher AUC values in comparison to the\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n H methods.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Sodium anomalies were regularly observed in patients with DMD compared with controls, and were present even in absence of fatty degenerative changes and water T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n increases.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Level of Evidence<\/jats:bold>\n : 1\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Technical Efficacy<\/jats:bold>\n : Stage 2\n <\/jats:p>\n J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1103\u20131113.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T05:46:06Z","timestamp":1549345566000},"page":"1103-1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["23<\/sup>\n Na MRI depicts early changes in ion homeostasis in skeletal muscle tissue of patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Gerhalter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Laboratory Institute of Myology Paris France"},{"name":"NMR laboratory CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/MIRCen Paris France"},{"name":"Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen 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Pediatrics, Division Neuropediatrics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Sch\u00fcssler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division Neuropediatrics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Roemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik B.","family":"Laun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Uder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre G.","family":"Carlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Laboratory Institute of Myology Paris France"},{"name":"NMR laboratory CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/MIRCen Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin 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