{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:44:16Z","timestamp":1777434256634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF31471072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF31471072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105\u20102410\u2010H\u2010038\u2010006\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105\u20102410\u2010H\u2010038\u2010006\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105\u20102410\u2010H\u2010038\u2010005\u2010MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105\u20102410\u2010H\u2010038\u2010005\u2010MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104\u20106402\u2010006\u2010110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104\u20106402\u2010006\u2010110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A combination of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and functional (f)MRI is a promising method for studying brain activity. Negative results have, however, produced uncertainty as to the validity of the approach. Using a MEGA\u2010PRESS sequence adapted to suppress the macromolecule signal (GABA\u2013) has been suggested as a key methodological improvement, but there is some doubt as to the relationship between such estimates and those from the standard sequence (GABA+), making interpretation difficult.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the relationship between GABA+ and GABA\u2013 estimates from the posterior cingulate and occipital cortices. The second aim was to test for a correlation between occipital GABA and blood oxygenation level\u2010dependent (BOLD) responses in the visual cortex to establish which of the two MEGA\u2010PRESS sequences was more related to the functional responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010one healthy participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3T\/single\u2010voxel <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H\u2010MRS and gradient\u2010echo echo planar imaging (EPI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>GABA estimates were made using the Gannet toolbox. fMRI data were analyzed with FSL and Python scripts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Test<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relationships between different variables were tested with Pearson's correlation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GABA+ and GABA\u2013 concentrations were found to be correlated in both regions (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.35 0.66, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.002). No relationship was found between either the GABA+ or the GABA\u2013 concentrations and the amplitude of the BOLD response in the occipital cortex (GABA+, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u20130.14, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;\u20090.1; GABA\u2013, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u20130.29, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;0.1). However, adding these results to those of prior studies in a meta\u2010analysis of correlation coefficients did provide overall support for a negative correlation between GABA and BOLD response amplitudes (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u20130.39, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u20130.15\u20130.64).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current findings highlight potential methodological issues that continue to interfere with relating MRS GABA estimates with fMRI responses but, taken in sum, provide support for this general approach.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:bold> 1<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Technical Efficacy:<\/jats:bold> Stage 1<\/jats:p><jats:p>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1285\u20131294.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T04:48:21Z","timestamp":1552625301000},"page":"1285-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Investigating GABA concentrations measured with macromolecule suppressed and unsuppressed MEGA\u2010PRESS MR spectroscopy and their relationship with BOLD responses in the occipital cortex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Niall W.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders Hangzhou Normal University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Centre for Brain and Consciousness Research  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Sciences Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Northoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders Hangzhou Normal University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"Mental Health Centre Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuchu","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900728106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws368"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::AID-NBM530>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Gannet: A batch\u2010processing tool for the quantitative analysis of gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid\u2010edited MR spectroscopy spectra","volume":"40","author":"Edden RAE","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24903"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-013-0445-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Methods of meta\u2010analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings","author":"Hunter JE","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25813"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1973-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110389092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050939"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0073-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GeuterS QiG WelshRC WagerTD LindquistMA. 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