{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:04:32Z","timestamp":1792638272874,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006775","name":"GE Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>O\u2010positron emission tomography (PET) is considered the reference standard for absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, this technique requires an arterial input function measured through continuous sampling of arterial blood, which is invasive and has limitations with tracer delay and dispersion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To demonstrate a new noninvasive method to quantify absolute CBF with a PET\/MRI hybrid scanner. This blood\u2010free approach, called PC\u2010PET, takes the spatial CBF distribution from a static H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>O\u2010PET scan, and scales it to the whole\u2010brain average CBF value measured by simultaneous phase\u2010contrast MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve healthy controls (HC) and 13 patients with Moyamoya disease (MM) as a model of chronic ischemic disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequences<\/jats:title><jats:p>3T\/2D cardiac\u2010gated phase\u2010contrast MRI and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>O\u2010PET.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>PC\u2010PET CBF values from whole brain (WB), gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) in HCs were compared with literature values since 2000. CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), which is defined as the percent CBF change between baseline and post\u2010acetazolamide (vasodilator) scans, were measured by PC\u2010PET in MM patients and HCs within cortical regions corresponding to major vascular territories.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Statistical Tests: Linear, mixed effects models were created to compare CBF and CVR, respectively, between patients and controls, and between different degrees of stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean CBF values in WB, GM, and WM in HC were 42 \u00b1 7 ml\/100 g\/min, 50 \u00b1 7 ml\/100 g\/min, and 23 \u00b1 3 ml\/100 g\/min, respectively, which agree well with literature values. Compared with normal regions (57 \u00b1 23%), patients showed significantly decreased CVR in areas with mild\/moderate stenosis (47 \u00b1 17%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.011) and in severe\/occluded areas (40 \u00b1 16%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Data Conclusion: PC\u2010PET identifies differences in cerebrovascular reactivity between healthy controls and cerebrovascular patients. PC\u2010PET is suitable for CBF measurement when arterial blood sampling is not accessible, and warrants comparison to fully quantitative H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>O\u2010PET in future studies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:bold> 3<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Technical Efficacy Stage:<\/jats:bold> 2<\/jats:p><jats:p>J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:183\u2013194.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T05:58:31Z","timestamp":1556776711000},"page":"183-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Simultaneous phase\u2010contrast MRI and PET for noninvasive quantification of cerebral blood flow and reactivity in healthy subjects and patients with cerebrovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosuke","family":"Ishii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thoralf","family":"Thamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB) Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California Riverside  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Khalighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Applied Science Lab GE Healthcare  Menlo Park California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirwais","family":"Wardak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Holley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsh","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary K.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick T.","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Zaharchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey Peiwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.14.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.663716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"782","article-title":"Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H 2 15 O. 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