{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:22:21Z","timestamp":1791912141743,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]],"date-time":"2020-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41EB015909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41EB015909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG047972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG047972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH084021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH084021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS106702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS106702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS106711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS106711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS085634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS085634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS095342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS095342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD021648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD021648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH2NS100588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH2NS100588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), as well as their concurrence, represent the most common types of cognitive dysfunction. Treatment strategies for these two conditions are quite different; however, there exists a considerable overlap in their clinical manifestations, and most biomarkers reveal similar abnormalities between these two conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the potential of cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) as a biomarker for differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and VCI. We hypothesized that in Alzheimer's disease OEF will be reduced (decreased oxygen consumption due to decreased neural activity), while in vascular diseases OEF will be elevated (increased oxygen extraction due to abnormally decreased blood flow).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cross\u2010sectional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010five subjects aged 52\u201389\u2009years, including 33 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 7 dementia, and 25 cognitively normal subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3T T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010relaxation\u2010under\u2010spin\u2010tagging (TRUST) and fluid\u2010attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>OEF, consensus diagnoses of cognitive impairment, vascular risk factors (such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, smoking, and obesity), cognitive assessments, and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of amyloid and tau were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple linear regression analyses of OEF with diagnostic category (normal, MCI, or dementia), vascular risks, cognitive performance, amyloid and tau pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When evaluating the entire group, OEF was found to be <jats:italic>lower<\/jats:italic> with more severe cognitive impairment (\u03b2 = \u22122.70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.15, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009= \u22122.34, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), but was <jats:italic>higher<\/jats:italic> with greater vascular risk factors (\u03b2 = 1.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.55, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> = 2.48, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). Further investigation of the subgroup of participants with low vascular risks (<jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic> 44) revealed that lower OEF was associated with worse cognitive performance (\u03b2 = 0.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> = 3.27, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) and greater amyloid burden (\u03b2 = 92.12\u2009\u00b1\u200941.23, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> = 2.23, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). Among cognitively impaired individuals (<jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic> 40), higher OEF was associated with greater vascular risk factors (\u03b2 = 2.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> = 3.08, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that OEF is differentially affected by Alzheimer's disease and VCI pathology and may be useful in etiology\u2010based diagnosis of cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1829\u20131837.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T05:21:31Z","timestamp":1592803291000},"page":"1829-1837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Brain Oxygen Extraction Is Differentially Altered by Alzheimer's and Vascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengrong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0830-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeepa","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuimei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisha","family":"Hazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Pottanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Darrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay J.","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevil","family":"Yasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Moghekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanzhang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology &amp; Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging Kennedy Krieger Research Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.3.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00190-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.12.1055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244749.20056.d4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16658662"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.4.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21627"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22970"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","article-title":"Validation of T2\u2010based oxygen extraction fraction measurement with 15O positron emission tomography","author":"Jiang D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27080"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25627"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","volume-title":"WMS\u2010R: Wechsler memory scale \u2212 revised","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","volume-title":"Hopkins verbal learning test\u2014Revised, professional manual","author":"Brandt J","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044509"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","volume-title":"WAIS\u2010R manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale \u2013 Revised manual","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712001282"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","volume-title":"Multilingual aphasia examination manual","author":"Benton A","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00086-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3090"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq224"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","article-title":"Normal variations in brain oxygen extraction fraction are partly attributed to differences in end\u2010tidal CO2","author":"Jiang D","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.11.1509"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-111877"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.12.1694"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182726"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24937"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.068"}],"container-title":["Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjmri.27264","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27264","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmri.27264","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T02:17:57Z","timestamp":1693880277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmri.27264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmri.27264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27264","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-1807","1522-2586"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-1807","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2586","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}