{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T15:23:26Z","timestamp":1747149806895,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurodegeneration is a complex cellular process linked to prompt changes in myelin integrity and gradual neuron loss. Current imaging techniques offer estimations of myelin volumes in lesions\/remyelinated areas but are limited to detect subtle injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether measurements detected by a signal hierarchically isolated as a function of time\u2010to\u2010echo (SHIFT) MRI technique can determine changes in myelin integrity and fiber axolemma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal Model<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgically demyelinated spinal cord (SC) injury model in rodents (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gradient\u2010echo spin\u2010echo at 3T.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicompartment T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxations were computed by SHIFT MRI in 75\u2010microns\u2010resolution images of the SC injury penumbra region 2\u2009weeks post\u2010trauma. G\u2010ratio and axolemma delamination were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in intact and injured samples. SC myelinated nerve fraction was computed by SHIFT MRI prospectively and assessed histologically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relations between SHIFT\u2010isolated T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010components and TEM measurements were studied using linear regression and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests. Pearson's correlation and significance were computed to determine the SHIFT's sensitivity to detect myelinated fibers ratio in gray matter. Regularized least\u2010squares\u2010based ranking analysis was employed to determine SHIFT MRI's ability to discern intact and injured myelinated nerves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biexponential signals isolated by SHIFT MRI for intact vs. lesion penumbra exhibited changes in T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, shifting from intermediate components (25\u2009\u00b1\u20092 msec) to long (43\u2009\u00b1\u200911 msec) in white matter, and similarly in gray matter regions\u2010of\u2010interest (31\u2009\u00b1\u20092 to 46\u2009\u00b1\u200916 msec). These changes correlated highly with TEM g\u2010ratio and axon delamination measurements (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Changes in short T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> components were observed but not statistically significant (8.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 to 7\u2009\u00b1\u20093 msec, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.445, and 4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 to 7\u2009\u00b1\u20093 msec, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.075, respectively). SHIFT MRI's ability to detect myelinated fibers within gray matter was confirmed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes detected by SHIFT MRI are associated with abnormal intermembrane spaces formed upon mild injury, directly correlated with early neuro integrity loss.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Level of Evidence 1<\/jats:p><jats:p>Technical Efficacy Stage 2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T08:14:56Z","timestamp":1603527296000},"page":"1162-1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantification of Myelinated Nerve Fraction and Degeneration in Spinal Cord Neuropil by <scp>SHIFT MRI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroregneration, Department of Neurosurgery Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristopher","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroregneration, Department of Neurosurgery Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroregneration, Department of Neurosurgery Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital  Houston Texas 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Biological Physics Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP  Botucatu Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong\u2010Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China, NYU\u2010ECNU Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China, Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology New York University  New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroregneration, Department of Neurosurgery Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital  Houston Texas 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