{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:48:51Z","timestamp":1792259331251,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a powerful noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that enables quantitative evaluation of brain perfusion. To optimize the clinical and research utilization of ASL, radiologists and physicists must understand the technical considerations and age\u2010related variations in normal and disease states. We discuss advanced applications of ASL across the lifespan, with example cases from children and adults covering a wide variety of pathologies. Through literature review and illustrated clinical cases, we highlight the subtleties as well as pitfalls of ASL interpretation. First, we review basic physical principles, techniques, and artifacts. This is followed by a discussion of normal perfusion variants based on age and physiology. The three major categories of perfusion abnormalities\u2014hypoperfusion, hyperperfusion, and mixed patterns\u2014are covered with an emphasis on clinical interpretation and relationship to the disease process. Major etiologies of hypoperfusion include large artery, small artery, and venous disease; other vascular conditions; global hypoxic\u2013ischemic injury; and neurodegeneration. Hyperperfusion is characteristic of vascular malformations and tumors. Mixed perfusion patterns can be seen with epilepsy, migraine, trauma, infection\/inflammation, and toxic\u2010metabolic encephalopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy Stage<\/jats:title><jats:p>3<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T02:32:00Z","timestamp":1607740320000},"page":"698-719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Arterial Spin Labeling Applications in Pediatric and Adult Neurologic Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sven","family":"Bambach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Pearse","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert G","family":"Campeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9455-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai\u2010Lan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0150-9861(05)83159-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ng.1700059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20462"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24565"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2013.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910400308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5360375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21627"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2015.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23218"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17702156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2013.00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2008.2005752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017171154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24873"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200648"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16653614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199611000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(99)00066-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26783"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2015.0344"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.172577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4828"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2523082018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.PEDS19150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.cr.2017-0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3098-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-016-1766-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2018.0651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17746808"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Use of arterial spin\u2010labeling in patients with aneurysmal sub\u2010arachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"10","author":"Wazni W","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.04.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Drug\u2010induced vasculitis: A clinical and pathological review","volume":"70","author":"Radi\u0107 M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.282075066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2005.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","unstructured":"BenningerKL HuHH HoML LessJ SmithM RusinJA WangDJJ MaitreNL.Correlates of the Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination and innovative neuroimaging biomarkers in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome. In: Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting Philadelphia PA April 29\u2013May 6; 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2017.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2906677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2761"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02346-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000873"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.01.008"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","first-page":"1536","article-title":"Arterial spin\u2010labeling in children with brain tumor: A meta\u2010analysis","volume":"39","author":"Delgado AF","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-019-00808-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-017-0623-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2013.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2018.19.5.965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.mp.2015-0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-016-3616-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079859"}],"container-title":["Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27438","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmri.27438","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T11:44:03Z","timestamp":1692531843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmri.27438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmri.27438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27438","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-1807","1522-2586"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-1807","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2586","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}