{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T22:28:59Z","timestamp":1778797739428,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 CA009206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 CA009206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL126771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL126771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 HL0007752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL0007752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) often suffer from multifaceted pulmonary morbidities that are not well understood. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising technique for pulmonary imaging in this population without requiring exposure to ionizing radiation. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of neonatal pulmonary disease on R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* and tissue density and to utilize numerical simulations to evaluate the effect of different alveolar structures on predicted R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>*.This was a prospective study, in which 17 neonatal human subjects (five control, seven with bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD], five with congenital diaphragmatic hernia [CDH]) were enrolled. Twelve subjects were male and five were female, with postmenstrual age (PMA) at MRI of 39.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7\u2009weeks. A 1.5T\/multiecho <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">three\u2010dimensional UTE MRI was used<\/jats:styled-content>. Pulmonary R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* and tissue density were compared across disease groups over the whole lung and regionally. A spherical shell alveolar model was used to predict the expected R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* over a range of tissue densities and tissue susceptibilities. Tests for significantly different mean R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* and tissue densities across disease groups were evaluated using analysis of variance, with subsequent pairwise group comparisons performed using <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests. Lung tissue density was lower in the ipsilateral lung in CDH compared to both controls and BPD patients (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while only the contralateral lung in CDH (CDHc) had higher whole\u2010lung R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* than both controls and BPD (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* differences were significant between controls and CDHc within all tissue density ranges (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with the exception of the 80%\u201390% range (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.17). Simulations predicted an inverse relationship between alveolar tissue density and R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* that matches empirical human data. Alveolar wall thickness had no effect on R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* independent of density (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01). The inverse relationship between R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* and tissue density is influenced by the presence of disease globally and regionally in neonates with BPD and CDH in the NICU.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy Stage<\/jats:title><jats:p>2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T16:34:51Z","timestamp":1610037291000},"page":"1853-1861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of neonatal lung abnormalities on parenchymal <scp>R<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp>* estimates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelise","family":"Malkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Kammerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nara","family":"Higano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Radiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Walkup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Radiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8080-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Radiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean B.","family":"Fain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin 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