{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:48:04Z","timestamp":1786978084460,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 EB005970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 EB005970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1KL2TR001444 \/ R01CA238783\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1KL2TR001444 \/ R01CA238783\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006098","name":"Radiological Society of North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Medical Student Research Grant RMS1825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Medical Student Research Grant RMS1825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006098","name":"Radiological Society of North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Resident Research Grant RR 1879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Resident Research Grant RR 1879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006098","name":"Radiological Society of North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Resident Research Grant RR 1965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Resident Research Grant RR 1965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is used to treat cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). However, early evaluation of efficacy is difficult as structural\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">magnetic resonance imaging (<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    MRI)\/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) often does not demonstrate appreciable changes within the first 6\u2009months. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">four\u2010dimensional (<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    4D) flow MRI to quantify hemodynamic changes after SRS as early as 2\u2009months. This was a retrospective observational study, which included 14 patients with both pre\u2010SRS and post\u2010SRS imaging obtained at multiple time points from 1 to 27\u2009months after SRS. A 3T MRI Scanner was used to obtain T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    single\u2010shot fast spin echo, time\u2010of\u2010flight MRA, and postcontrast 4D flow with three\u2010dimensional velocity encoding between 150 and 200\u2009cm\/s. Post\u2010hoc two\u2010dimensional cross\u2010sectional flow was measured for the dominant feeding artery, the draining vein, and the corresponding contralateral artery as a control. Measurements were performed by two independent observers, and reproducibility was assessed. Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests were used to compare differences in flow, circumference, and pulsatility between the feeding artery and the contralateral artery both before and after SRS; and differences in nidus size and flow and circumference of the feeding artery and draining vein before and after SRS. Arterial flow (L\/min) decreased in the primary feeding artery (mean: 0.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07 vs. 0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and normalized in comparison to the contralateral artery (mean: 0.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07 vs. 0.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.068). Flow decreased in the draining vein (mean: 0.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs. 0.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and the circumference of the draining vein also decreased (mean: 16.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3 vs. 15.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). AVM volume decreased after SRS (mean: 45.3\u2009\u00b1\u200984.8 vs. 38.1\u2009\u00b1\u200978.7;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). However, circumference (mm) of the primary feeding artery remained similar after SRS (mean: 15.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7 vs. 16.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.600). 4D flow may be able to demonstrate early hemodynamic changes in AVMs treated with radiosurgery, and these changes appear to be more pronounced and occur earlier than the structural changes on standard MRI\/MRA.\n                    <jats:bold>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:bold>\n                    4\n                    <jats:bold>Technical Efficacy Stage:<\/jats:bold>\n                    1\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T02:07:54Z","timestamp":1608775674000},"page":"1841-1850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantification of hemodynamics of cerebral arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery using\n                    <scp>4D<\/scp>\n                    flow\n                    <scp>magnetic resonance imaging<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanmukha","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California\u2014San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Retson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California\u2014San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences University of California\u2014San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jona","family":"Hattangadi\u2010Gluth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences University of California\u2014San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California\u2014San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikdokht","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California\u2014San Diego  San Diego California 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