{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:02:15Z","timestamp":1793152935814,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S10RR028898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10RR028898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB026716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB026716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visualization of aortic valve dynamics is important in diagnosing valvular diseases but is challenging to perform with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to the limited temporal resolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop an MRI technique with sub\u2010millisecond temporal resolution and demonstrate its application in visualizing rapid aortic valve opening and closing in human subjects in comparison with echocardiography and conventional MRI techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve healthy subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3\u2009T; gradient\u2010echo\u2010train\u2010based sub\u2010millisecond periodic event encoded imaging (get\u2010SPEEDI) and balanced steady\u2010state free precession (bSSFP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Images were acquired using get\u2010SPEEDI with a temporal resolution of 0.6\u2009msec. get\u2010SPEEDI was triggered by an electrocardiogram so that each echo in the gradient echo train corresponded to an image at a specific time point, providing a time\u2010resolved characterization of aortic valve dynamics. For comparison, bSSFP was also employed with 12\u2009msec and 24\u2009msec temporal resolutions, respectively. The durations of the aortic valve rapid opening (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ro<\/jats:sub>), rapid closing (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rc<\/jats:sub>), and the maximal aortic valve area (AVA) normalized to height were measured with all three temporal resolutions. M\u2010mode echocardiograms with a temporal resolution of 0.8\u2009msec were obtained for further comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Test<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parameters were compared between the three sequences, together with the echocardiography results, with a Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significantly shorter <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ro<\/jats:sub> (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 27.5\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7\u2009msec) and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rc<\/jats:sub> (43.8\u2009\u00b1\u200911.6\u2009msec) and larger maximal AVA\/height (2.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/m) were measured with get\u2010SPEEDI compared to either bSSFP sequence (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ro<\/jats:sub> of 56.3\u2009\u00b1\u200918.8 and 63.8\u2009\u00b1\u200920.2\u2009msec; <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rc<\/jats:sub> of 68.2\u2009\u00b1\u200916.6 and 72.8\u2009\u00b1\u200918.2\u2009msec; maximal AVA\/height of 1.63\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28 and 1.65\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/m for 12\u2009msec and 24\u2009msec temporal resolutions, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In addition, the get\u2010SPEEDI results were more consistent with those measured using echocardiography, especially for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ro<\/jats:sub> (29.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1\u2009msec, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.79) and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rc<\/jats:sub> (41.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3\u2009msec, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.16).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>get\u2010SPEEDI allows for visualization of human aortic valve dynamics and provided values closer to those measured using echocardiography than the bSSFP sequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy Stage<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T17:35:11Z","timestamp":1616607311000},"page":"1246-1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Visualization of Human Aortic Valve Dynamics Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with <scp>Sub\u2010Millisecond<\/scp> Temporal Resolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaibao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Farzaneh\u2010Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meryem Muge","family":"Karaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong Joe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.21.2153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0785-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.022376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"ZhongZ KaramanMM ZhouXJ.MRI with sub\u2010millisecond temporal resolution: An example employing spatially resolved Eddy current characterization. ISMRM2019. Montreal; P0247."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Handbook of MRI pulse sequences","author":"Bernstein MA","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-91"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.902291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.005121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.54.5.729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(02)73604-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70246-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"653","article-title":"High speed cine\u2010radiographic study of aortic valve leaflet motion","volume":"2","author":"Thubrikar MJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"693","article-title":"Fluid mechanics of model normal and stenosed aortic valves","volume":"25","author":"Bellhouse B","year":"1969","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90808-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5<952::AID-MRM16>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"LuoQ ZhongZ SunK ZhouXJ.Accelerated ultrahigh temporal\u2010resolution MRI with random k\u2010space undersampling. ISMRM2021. Online; P0834."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2203921"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019181042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880030518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802408-9.00004-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmri.27603","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T11:49:52Z","timestamp":1692272992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmri.27603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmri.27603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27603","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-1807","1522-2586"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-1807","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2586","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}