{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T10:09:58Z","timestamp":1756894198763,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871336\uff0c81301204, 81541058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871336\uff0c81301204, 81541058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) promoter (\u2212616; rs747302) is associated with abnormalities of the thalamus in children suffering from primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of DRD4 \u2212616 C\/G SNP on thalamic gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in PNE children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, observational.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and seventy\u2010six children with PNE and 161 healthy control children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3\u2009T, three\u2010dimensional T1\u2010weighted turbo field echo sequence and MEscher\u2013Garwood Point RESolved Spectroscopy (MEGA\u2010PRESS) MRS sequence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MEGA\u2010PRESS MRS sequence was used to measure thalamic GABA spectra. The thalamic GABA+ level was calculated using the Gannet 3.0 software package for each participant. A questionnaire was used to determine arousal from sleep (AS) scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparisons of the AS scores and thalamic GABA+ levels were performed using the Mann\u2013Whitney<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>test between C\u2010allele carriers and GG homozygotes in the PNE and control groups. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to determine the association between AS scores and thalamic GABA levels in PNE children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thalamic GABA levels in the PNE group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (0.178 (0.169\u20130.186) vs. 0.154 (0.146\u20130.164),<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08.526,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corrected<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The GABA levels in C\u2010allele carriers were significantly higher than those in GG homozygotes in both the PNE and control groups (0.184 (0.181\u20130.193) vs. 0.170 (0.165\u20130.177),<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08.683,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corrected<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; 0.166 (0.156\u20130.170) vs. 0.147 (0.141\u20130.152),<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09.445,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corrected<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). GABA levels in the thalamus were also significantly and positively correlated with AS scores in C\u2010allele carriers in the PNE group (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.747,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>DRD4 \u2212616 C allele may be associated with increased thalamic GABA+ levels, especially in C\u2010allele carrying PNE children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy Stage<\/jats:title><jats:p>3<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T06:52:32Z","timestamp":1623653552000},"page":"1857-1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of<scp>DRD4<\/scp>Receptor \u2212616 C\/G Polymorphism on Thalamic<scp>GABA<\/scp>Levels in Pediatric Patients With Primary Nocturnal Enuresis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of the Laboratory Technology and Experimental Medicine China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Pediatrics Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/120686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0795-354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30350-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65611-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611743113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1320-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051924"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01403-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358149a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2003.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381245a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102389"},{"volume-title":"Manual of Chinese revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children","year":"1993","author":"Gong YX","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000132363.36007.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000563"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4245","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4245","article-title":"In vivo Glx and Glu measurements from GABA\u2010edited MRS at 3 T","volume":"34","author":"Bell T","year":"2020","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1998122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27782","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmri.27782","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmri.27782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1699133110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmri.27782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmri.27782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27782","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-1807","1522-2586"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1053-1807"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1522-2586"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}