{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:14:14Z","timestamp":1790694854650,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61703302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61703302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adjusting abnormal glutamate neurotransmission is a crucial mechanism in the treatment of depression. However, few non\u2010invasive techniques could effectively detect changes in glutamate neurotransmitters, and no consensus exists on whether glutamate could affect resting\u2010state function changes in depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the changes in glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) value in the hippocampus of rat model exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore the effect of this change on the activity of hippocampal glutamatergic neurons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective animal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal Model<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats (200\u2013300\u2009g).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>7.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">0\u2009T<\/jats:styled-content> scanner. Fat rapid acquisition relaxation enhancement sequence for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GluCEST<\/jats:styled-content>, and echo planner imaging sequence for resting\u2010state functional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">magnetic resonance imaging<\/jats:styled-content> (rs_fMRI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rats were divided into two groups: CUMS group (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010) and control group (CTRL, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010). The magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry analysis was used to quantify the GluCEST data, and evaluate the rs_fMRI data through the amplitude of low\u2010frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>A <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test was used to compare the difference in GluCEST or rs_fMRI between CUMS and CTRL groups. Spearman's correlation was applied to explore the correlation between GluCEST values and abnormal fMRI values in hippocampus. Statistical significance was set at <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The GluCEST value in the left hippocampus has changed significantly (3.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3 [CUMS] vs. 3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 [CTRL], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In addition, the GluCEST value was significantly positively correlated with the ALFF values (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090. 05, df\u00a0=\u00a07) and negatively correlated with the ReHo values (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, df\u00a0=\u00a07).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GluCEST technique has the feasibility of mapping glutamate changes in rat depression. Glutamate neurotransmitters are important factors affecting the abnormal function of neural activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T10:36:06Z","timestamp":1626950166000},"page":"1967-1976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Glutamate Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging and Functional Alterations of Hippocampus in Rat Depression Model: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4469-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunrong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfa","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Depression.2020. 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