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The current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are unable to provide a direct map of tissue hypoxia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether GdDO3NI, a nitroimidazole\u2010based T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> MRI contrast agent allows imaging hypoxia in the injured brain after experimental TBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal Model<\/jats:title><jats:p>TBI\u2010induced mice (controlled cortical impact model) were intravenously injected with either conventional T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> agent (gadoteridol) or GdDO3NI at 0.3\u2009mmol\/kg dose (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05 for each cohort) along with pimonidazole (60\u2009mg\/kg) at 1\u2009hour postinjury and imaged for 3\u2009hours following which they were euthanized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>7\u2009T\/T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted spin echo and T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted gradient echo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injured animals were imaged with T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted spin\u2010echo sequence to estimate the extent of the injury. The mice were then imaged precontrast and postcontrast using a T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted gradient\u2010echo sequence for 3\u2009hours postcontrast. Regions of interests were drawn on the brain injury region, the contralateral brain as well as on the cheek muscle region for comparison of contrast kinetics. Brains were harvested immediately post\u2010imaging for immunohistochemical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>One\u2010way analysis of variance and two\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests were performed with a <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GdDO3NI retention in the injury region at 2.5\u20133\u2009hours post\u2010injection was significantly higher compared to gadoteridol (mean retention fraction 63.95%\u2009\u00b1\u200927.43% vs. 20.68%\u2009\u00b1\u20097.43% for gadoteridol at 3\u2009hours) while it rapidly cleared out of the muscle region. Pimonidazole staining confirmed the presence of hypoxia in both gadoteridol and GdDO3NI cohorts, and the later cohort showed good agreement with MRI contrast enhancement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GdDO3NI was successfully shown to visualize hypoxia in the brain post\u2010TBI using T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted MRI at 2.5\u20133\u2009hours postcontrast.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T17:13:27Z","timestamp":1631207607000},"page":"1161-1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<scp>GdDO3NI<\/scp> Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Allows Imaging of Hypoxia After Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Babak","family":"Moghadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona 85287\u20109709 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vimala N.","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona 85287\u20109709 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Tobey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona 85287\u20109709 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology  Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Stabenfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona 85287\u20109709 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1933-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram D.","family":"Kodibagkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona 85287\u20109709 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1998.00121.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200609000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000196644.64653.d8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09050617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503322686085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1358"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.1.JNS09506"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1987.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1973.03220230024006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182287ca7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1998 TF Bardt AW Unterberg R H\u00e4rtl KL Kiening GH Schneider WR Lanksch Monitoring of brain tissue PO2 in traumatic brain injury: Effect of cerebral hypoxia on outcome. 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