{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:44:51Z","timestamp":1783698291714,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5xmille"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5xmille"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time\u2010resolved three\u2010directional velocity\u2010encoded (4D flow) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the quantification of left ventricular (LV) intracavitary fluid dynamics and energetics, providing mechanistic insight into LV dysfunctions. Before becoming a support to diagnosis and patient stratification, this analysis should prove capable of discriminating between clearly different LV derangements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the potential of 4D flow in identifying fluid dynamic and energetics derangements in ischemic and restrictive LV cardiomyopathies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten patients with post\u2010ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), 10 patients with cardiac light\u2010chain cardiac amyloidosis (AL\u2010CA), and 10 healthy controls were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>1.5\u2009T\/balanced steady\u2010state free precession cine and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">4D<\/jats:styled-content> flow sequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flow was divided into four components: direct flow (DF), retained inflow, delayed ejection flow, and residual volume (RV). Demographics, LV morphology, flow components, global and regional energetics (volume\u2010normalized kinetic energy [KE<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>] and viscous energy loss [EL<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>]), and pressure\u2010derived hemodynamic force (HDF) were compared between the three groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intergroup differences in flow components were tested by one\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA); differences in energetic variables and peak HDF were tested by two\u2010way ANOVA. A <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ICM patients exhibited the following statistically significant alterations vs. controls: reduced KE<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>, mostly in the basal region, in systole (\u221244%) and in diastole (\u221237%); altered flow components, with reduced DF (\u221233%) and increased RV (+26%); and reduced basal\u2013apical HDF component on average by 63% at peak systole. AL\u2010CA patients exhibited the following alterations vs. controls: significantly reduced KE<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub> at the E\u2010wave peak in the basal segment (\u221234%); albeit nonstatistically significant, increased peaks and altered time\u2010course of the HDF basal\u2013apical component in diastole and slightly reduced HDF components in systole.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis of multiple 4D flow\u2010derived parameters highlighted fluid dynamic alterations associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in ICM and AL\u2010CA patients, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy Stage<\/jats:title><jats:p>3<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T07:47:27Z","timestamp":1643096847000},"page":"1157-1170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparison of Four\u2010Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Left Ventricular Fluid Dynamics and Energetics in Ischemic and Restrictive Cardiomyopathies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9648-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Riva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering Politecnico di Milano  Milan Italy"},{"name":"3D and Computer Simulation Laboratory IRCCS Policlinico San Donato  San Donato Milanese 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