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The technique has yet to be demonstrated in pediatric populations or conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To perform an exploratory analysis of\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe gas\u2010transfer MRI in children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy\u2010seven human volunteers (38 males, age\u00a0=\u00a017.7\u2009\u00b1\u200915.1\u2009years, range 5\u201368\u2009years, 16 healthy). Four pediatric disease cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3\u2010T, three\u2010dimensional\u2010radial one\u2010point Dixon Fast Field Echo (FFE) Ultrashort Echo Time (UTE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breath hold compliance was assessed by quantitative signal\u2010to\u2010noise and dynamic metrics. Whole\u2010lung means and standard deviations were extracted from gas\u2010transfer maps. Gas\u2010transfer metrics were investigated with respect to age and lung disease. Clinical pulmonary function tests were retrospectively acquired for reference lung disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum tests to compare age and disease cohorts, Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests to compare pre\u2010 and post\u2010breath hold vitals, Pearson correlations between age and gas\u2010transfer metrics, and limits of normal with a binomial exact test to compare fraction of subjects with abnormal gas\u2010transfer.\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05 was considered significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty percentage of pediatric subjects successfully completed\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe gas\u2010transfer MRI. Gas\u2010transfer parameters differed between healthy children and adults, including ventilation (0.75 and 0.67) and RBC:barrier ratio (0.31 and 0.46) which also correlated with age (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.76, 0.57, respectively). Bone marrow transplant subjects had impaired ventilation (90% of reference) and increased dissolved\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe standard deviation (242%). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia subjects had decreased barrier\u2010uptake (69%). Cystic fibrosis subjects had impaired ventilation (91%) and increased RBC\u2010transfer (146%). Lastly, childhood interstitial lung disease subjects had increased ventilation heterogeneity (113%). Limits of normal provided detection of abnormalities in additional gas\u2010transfer parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pediatric\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe gas\u2010transfer MRI was adequately successful and gas\u2010transfer metrics correlated with age. Exploratory analysis revealed abnormalities in a variety of pediatric obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Technical Efficacy Stage<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T05:26:45Z","timestamp":1646371605000},"page":"1207-1219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pediatric\n                    <scp>\n                      <sup>129<\/sup>\n                      Xe Gas\u2010Transfer MRI\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2014Feasibility and Applicability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Willmering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Walkup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio 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Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasiani C.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Towe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio 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