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One of these imaging biomarkers is neuromelanin (NM), whose integrity can be assessed from its contrast and volume. NM is found mainly in certain brain stem structures, namely, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), the ventral tegmental area, and the locus coeruleus. Another major biomarker is brain iron, which often increases in concert with NM degeneration. These biomarkers have the potential to improve diagnostic certainty in differentiating between PD and other neurodegenerative disorders similar to PD, as well as provide a better understanding of pathophysiology. Mapping NM <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> has clinical importance for gauging the premotor phase of PD when there is a greater than 50% loss of dopaminergic SNpc melanized neurons. As a metal ion chelator, NM can absorb iron. When NM is released from neurons, it deposits iron into the intracellular tissues of the SNpc; the result is iron that can be imaged and measured using quantitative susceptibility mapping. An increase of iron also leads to the disappearance of the nigrosome\u20101 sign, another neuroimage biomarker for PD. Therefore, mapping NM and iron changes in the SNpc are a practical means for improving early diagnosis of PD and in monitoring disease progression. In this review, we discuss the functions and location of NM, how NM\u2010MRI is performed, the automatic mapping of NM and iron content, how NM\u2010related imaging biomarkers can be used to enhance PD diagnosis and differentiate it from other neurodegenerative disorders, and potential advances in NM imaging methods. With major advances currently evolving for rapid imaging and artificial intelligence, NM\u2010related biomarkers are likely to have increasingly important roles for enhancing diagnostic capabilities in PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T09:31:07Z","timestamp":1661506267000},"page":"337-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Application of Neuromelanin <scp>MR<\/scp> Imaging in Parkinson Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Naying","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7114-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"LeWitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-1506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuhua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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