{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:24:31Z","timestamp":1789424671693,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01\u2010HL136484\u201001A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01\u2010HL136484\u201001A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) may serve as biomarkers in several diseases. OEF and CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> can be estimated from venous blood oxygenation (Y<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>) levels, which in turn can be calculated from venous blood T2 values (T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>). T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub> can be measured using different MRI sequences, including T2\u2010relaxation\u2010under\u2010spin\u2010tagging (TRUST) and T2\u2010prepared\u2010blood\u2010relaxation\u2010imaging\u2010with\u2010inversion\u2010recovery (T2\u2010TRIR). The latter measures both T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub> and T1 (T1<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>) but was found previously to overestimate T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub> compared to TRUST. It remained unclear, however, if this bias is constant across higher and lower oxygen saturations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare TRUST and T2\u2010TRIR across a range of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> saturations using hypoxic and hypercapnic gas challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve healthy volunteers (four female, age 36\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3T; turbo\u2010field echo\u2010planar\u2010imaging (TFEPI), echo\u2010planar\u2010imaging (EPI), and fast\u2010field\u2010echo (FFE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>TRUST\u2010 and T2\u2010TRIR\u2010derived T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>, Y<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>, OEF, and CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were compared across different respiratory challenges. T1<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub> from T2\u2010TRIR was used to estimate Hct (Hct<jats:sub>TRIR<\/jats:sub>) and compared with venipuncture (Hct<jats:sub>VP<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shapiro\u2013Wilk, one\u2010sample and paired\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, repeated measures ANOVA, Friedman test, Bland\u2013Altman, and correlation analysis. Bonferroni multiple\u2010comparison correction was performed. Significance level was 0.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant bias was observed between TRUST\u2010 and T2\u2010TRIR\u2010derived T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>, Y<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>, and OEF values (\u221213\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u2009msec, \u22125.3%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5% and 5.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1%, respectively). For Y<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub> and OEF, this bias was constant across the range of measured values. T1<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub> was significantly lower during severe hypoxia and hypercapnia compared to baseline (1712\u2009\u00b1\u200986\u2009msec and 1634\u2009\u00b1\u200979\u2009msec compared to 1757\u2009\u00b1\u200990\u2009msec). While no significant bias was found between Hct<jats:sub>VP<\/jats:sub> and Hct<jats:sub>TRIR<\/jats:sub> (0.02%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.20), the correlation between these Hct values was significant but weak (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.19).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the constant bias, TRUST\u2010 and T2\u2010TRIR\u2010derived venous T2<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub> values can be used interchangeably to estimate Y<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>, OEF, and CMRO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> across a broad range of oxygen saturations. Hct from T2\u2010TRIR\u2010derived T1\u2010values only weakly correlated with Hct from venipuncture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title><jats:p>2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1682336452000},"page":"1903-1914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Venous Blood Oxygenation Measurements Using <scp>TRUST<\/scp> and <scp>T2\u2010TRIR MRI<\/scp> During Hypoxic and Hypercapnic Gas Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen P. 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