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The most important physiological mechanism in the context of imaging is the so\u2010called hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV, also known as \u201cEuler\u2010Liljestrand\u2010Reflex\u201d), which couples lung perfusion to lung ventilation. In obstructive airway diseases such as asthma, chronic\u2010obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and asthma, HPV downregulates pulmonary perfusion in order to redistribute blood flow to functional lung areas in order to conserve optimal oxygenation. Imaging of lung perfusion can be seen as a reflection of lung ventilation in obstructive airway diseases. Other conditions that primarily affect lung perfusion are pulmonary vascular diseases, pulmonary hypertension, or (chronic) pulmonary embolism, which also lead to inhomogeneity in pulmonary capillary blood distribution. Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques either dependent on exogenous contrast materials, exploiting periodical lung signal variations with cardiac action, or relying on intrinsic lung voxel attributes have been demonstrated to visualize lung perfusion. Additional post\u2010processing may add temporal information and provide quantitative information related to blood flow. The most widely used and robust technique, dynamic\u2010contrast enhanced MRI, is available in clinical routine assessment of COPD, CF, and pulmonary vascular disease. Non\u2010contrast techniques are important research tools currently requiring clinical validation and cross\u2010correlation in the absence of a viable standard of reference. 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