{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:15:48Z","timestamp":1790655348988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003968","name":"Iran National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["99023254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99023254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prostate\u2010specific membrane antigen (PSMA) can provide a prostate cancer (PCa) detection approach in positron emission tomography (PET) using Food and Drug Administration (FDA)\u2010approved PSMA\u201011 peptide. There are some studies evaluated magnetic\u2010nanoprobes for PSMA detection by MRI, using non\u2010FDA\u2010approved ligands including antibodies or peptides, which are not as specific as PSMA\u201011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess targeted iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) by PSMA\u201011 peptides as a potential specific nano\u2010molecular probes to investigate a PSMA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> PCa\u2010xenograft model by MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal Model<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty male C57BL6 nude mice induced subcutaneously PSMA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> LNCaP cell line tumor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>1.5 T, T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010W Fast Spin echo and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>*\u2010W Gradient echo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coated IONPs with Carboxymethylated\u2010dextran (DNPs) and with bovine serum albumin (BNPs), as well as, targeted DNPs with PSMA\u201011\u2010HYNIC peptide (TDNPs) and targeted BNPs with PSMA\u201011\u2010HBED peptide (TBNPs) were injected intravenously with dose 2.8\u2009mg Fe\/kg. Coronal T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010W and the T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>*\u2010W images were obtained before and 4\u2009hours and 6\u2009hours post\u2010injection. Signal intensity (SI) and relative signal enhancement (RSE) were computed in two\u2010 and three\u2010dimensional analyses. Histological analysis of tumors was evaluated, and the Fe distribution within the body based on atomic absorption spectroscopy was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>One\u2010way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test, Paired\u2010samples <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A reduction in T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010W SI was achieved as 22\u2009\u00b1\u20097%, 59\u2009\u00b1\u20093%, 65\u2009\u00b1\u20095%, and 78\u2009\u00b1\u20093% respectively for BNPs, TBNPs, DNPs, and TDNPs 6\u2009hours post\u2010injection. The most difference between targeted and non\u2010targeted groups was observed at 6\u2009hours for PSMA\u201011\u2010HBED, and at 4\u2009hours for PSMA\u201011\u2010HYNIC. RSE indicated 88.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1% and 80.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2% enhanced contrast between tumor and muscle region for TBNPs and TDNPs on T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>*\u2010W images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both TBNPs and TDNPs are promising novel nano\u2010molecular probes for PSMA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> PCa tumor detection. The injection dose of non\u2010targeted IONPs can be reduced by using targeted nanoprobes three times for BNPs and two times for DNPs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T13:29:34Z","timestamp":1691846974000},"page":"2204-2214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular <scp>MR<\/scp> Imaging of Prostate Cancer by Specified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles With <scp>PSMA<\/scp>\u201011 Peptides: A Preclinical Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Gonabad University of Medical 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