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However, protecting patient privacy is a key concern in the multi\u2010institutional studies when conventional centralized learning (CL) is used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explores the feasibility of a proposed lesion delineation for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) scheme for federated learning (FL), which can solve decentralization and privacy protection concerns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>506 and 118 vestibular schwannoma patients aged 15\u201388 and 22\u201385 from two institutes, respectively; 1069 and 256 meningioma patients aged 12\u201391 and 23\u201385, respectively; 574 and 705 brain metastasis patients aged 26\u201392 and 28\u201389, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">1.5T<\/jats:styled-content>, spin\u2010echo, and gradient\u2010echo [Correction added after first online publication on 21 August 2023. Field Strength has been changed to \u201c1.5T\u201d from \u201c5T\u201d in this sentence.].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed lesion delineation method was integrated into an FL framework, and CL models were established as the baseline. The effect of image standardization strategies was also explored. The dice coefficient was used to evaluate the segmentation between the predicted delineation and the ground truth, which was manual delineated by neurosurgeons and a neuroradiologist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test was applied to compare the mean for the evaluated dice scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FL performed the comparable mean dice coefficient to CL for the testing set of\u00a0Taipei Veterans General Hospital regardless of standardization and parameter; for the Taichung Veterans General Hospital data, CL significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) outperformed FL while using bi\u2010parameter, but comparable results while using single\u2010parameter. For the non\u2010SRS data, FL achieved the comparable applicability to CL with mean dice 0.78 versus 0.78 (without standardization), and outperformed to the baseline models of two institutes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed lesion delineation successfully implemented into an FL framework. The FL models were applicable on SRS data of each participating institute, and the FL exhibited comparable mean dice coefficient to CL on non\u2010SRS dataset. Standardization strategies would be recommended when FL is used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T13:55:22Z","timestamp":1691848522000},"page":"1967-1975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Federated Learning: A Cross\u2010Institutional Feasibility Study of Deep Learning Based Intracranial Tumor Delineation Framework for Stereotactic Radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Wei\u2010Kai","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei City 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