{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:23:30Z","timestamp":1790051010577,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innov\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hivatal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K_22\u2010142479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K_22\u2010142479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Although COVID\u201019 is primarily an acute respiratory infection, 5%\u201340% of patients develop late and prolonged symptoms with frequent neurological complaints, known as long COVID syndrome. The presentation of the disease suggests that COVID infection may cause functional and\/or morphological central nervous system alterations, but studies published in the literature report contradictory findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Purpose<\/jats:title>To investigate the chronic effects of COVID\u201019 on cerebral grey matter in a group of young patients without comorbidities, with mild course of COVID infection and no medical complaints at the time of examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Study Type<\/jats:title>Prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Population<\/jats:title>Thirty\u2010eight young (age\u2009=\u200926.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0\u2009years; male\/female\u2009=\u200914\/24), adult participants who recovered from mild COVID infection without a history of clinical long COVID and 37 healthy control subjects (age\u2009=\u200925.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u2009years; male\/female\u2009=\u200914\/23).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>Three Tesla, 3D T1\u2010weighted magnetization\u2010prepared rapid gradient\u2010echo, 2D T2\u2010weighted turbo spin\u2010echo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Assessment<\/jats:title>MRI\u2010based morphometry and volumetry along with neuropsychological testing and self\u2010assessed questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>Fisher's exact test, Mann\u2013Whitney U<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess differences between COVID and healthy control groups. P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05 was used as cutoff for significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In the COVID group, significantly lower bilateral mean cortical thickness (left\/right\u2010hemisphere: 2.51\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009mm vs. 2.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07\u2009mm, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.102\/2.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009mm vs. 2.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07\u2009mm, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.101), lower subcortical gray matter (57881\u2009\u00b1\u20093998\u2009mm3<\/jats:sup> vs. 60470\u2009\u00b1\u20095211\u2009mm3<\/jats:sup>, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.100) and lower right olfactory bulb volume (52.28\u2009\u00b1\u200913.55\u2009mm3<\/jats:sup> vs. 60.98\u2009\u00b1\u200915.8\u2009mm3<\/jats:sup>, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.078) were found. In patients with moderate to severe anosmia, cortical thickness was significantly lower bilaterally, as compared to patients without olfactory function loss (left\/right\u2010hemisphere: 2.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009mm vs. 2.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009mm, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.173\/2.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009mm vs. 2.55\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009mm, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.189). Using further exploratory analysis, significantly reduced cortical thickness was detected locally in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the COVID group (2.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10\u2009mm vs. 2.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09\u2009mm, \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.112).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>Even without any subjective or objective neurological complaints at the time of the MR scan, subjects in the COVID group showed gray matter alterations in cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>Stage 3<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T01:33:33Z","timestamp":1692668013000},"page":"2152-2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Gray Matter Changes Following Mild COVID<\/scp>\u201019: An MR<\/scp> Morphometric Study in Healthy Young People"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Perlaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School University of P\u00e9cs P\u00e9cs Hungary"},{"name":"ELKH\u2010PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network P\u00e9cs Hungary"},{"name":"P\u00e9cs Diagnostic Centre NeuroCT Ltd. 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