{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:15:27Z","timestamp":1789766127968,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010454","name":"Bracco Diagnostics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies have described sub\u2010linear longitudinal and heightened transverse H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O relaxivities of gadolinium\u2010based contrast agents (GBCAs) in blood due to their extracellular nature. However, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> validation is lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Validate theory describing blood behavior of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* in an animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, animal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal Model<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven swine (54\u201365\u2009kg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>1.5\u2009T; time\u2010resolved 3D spoiled gradient\u2010recalled echo (SPGR) and quantitative Look\u2010Locker and multi\u2010echo fast field echo sequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven swine were each injected three times with 0.1\u2009mmol\/kg intravenous doses of one of three GBCAs: gadoteridol, gadobutrol, and gadobenate dimeglumine. Injections were randomized for rate (1, 2, and 3\u2009mL\/s) and order, during which time\u2010resolved aortic 3D SPGR imaging was performed concurrently with aortic blood sampling via an indwelling catheter. Time\u2010varying [GBCA] was measured by mass spectrometry of sampled blood. Predicted signal intensity (SI) was determined from a model incorporating sub\u2010linear <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* effects (whole\u2010blood model) and simpler models incorporating linear <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, with and without <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* effects. Predicted SIs were compared to measured aortic SI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Linear correlation (coefficient of determination, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and mean errors were compared across the SI prediction models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was an excellent correlation between predicted and measured SI across all injections and swine when accounting for the non\u2010linear dependence of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and high blood <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* (regression slopes 0.91\u20131.04, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009\u2265\u20090.91). Simplified models (linear <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> with and without <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* effects) showed poorer correlation (slopes 0.67\u20130.85 and 0.54\u20130.64 respectively, both <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009\u2265\u20090.89) and higher averaged mean absolute and mean square errors (128.4 and 177.4 vs. 42.0, respectively, and 5506 and 11,419 vs. 699, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incorporating sub\u2010linear <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and high first\u2010pass <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* effects in arterial blood models allows accurate SPGR SI prediction in an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> animal model, and might be utilized when modeling MR blood SI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T14:05:59Z","timestamp":1698933959000},"page":"615-627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy of Whole\u2010Blood Model of Gadolinium\u2010Based Contrast Agent Relaxivity in Predicting Vascular <scp>MR<\/scp> Signal Intensity <i>In Vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6625-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan C.","family":"Norris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenther","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Saarland University Medical Center  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshimasa J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5803-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miles A.","family":"Kirchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical &amp; Regulatory Affairs Bracco Imaging SpA  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Maki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.191.1.8134563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000197668.44926.f7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000184756.66360.d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880060413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199912)42:6<1106::AID-MRM15>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/15\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-2678-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000192421.81037.d5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10090357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e31817d1505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2342040023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199809000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2273020102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"VerhoevenLJ.Digital subtraction angiography: The technique and an analysis of the physical factors influencing the image quality. 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