{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:40:45Z","timestamp":1782297645863,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022MH118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MH118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62176181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62176181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal levels of glutamate constitute a key pathophysiologic mechanism in epilepsy. The use of glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) imaging to measure glutamate levels in pediatric epilepsy is rarely reported in research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate hippocampal glutamate level variations in pediatric epilepsy and the correlation between glutamate and hippocampal subregional volumes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional, prospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 38 school\u2010aged pediatric epilepsy patients with structurally normal MRI as determined by at least two independent radiologists (60% males; 8.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009years; including 20 cases of focal pediatric epilepsy [FE] and 18 cases of generalized pediatric epilepsy [GE]) and 17 healthy controls (HC) (41% males; 9.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3.0\u2009T; 3D magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) and 2D turbo spin echo GluCEST sequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relative concentration of glutamate was calculated through pixel\u2010wise magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR<jats:sub>asym<\/jats:sub>) analysis of the GluCEST data. Hippocampal subfield volumes were computed from MPRAGE data using FreeSurfer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests, one\u2010way analysis of variance, Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, and Pearson correlation analysis. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MTR<jats:sub>asym<\/jats:sub> values of both the left and right hippocampi were significantly elevated in GE (left: 2.51\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23 [GE] vs. 2.31\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12 [HCs], right: 2.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.22 [GE] vs. 2.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.22 [HCs]). The MTR<jats:sub>asym<\/jats:sub> values of the ipsilateral hippocampus were significantly elevated in FE (2.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28 [ipsilateral] vs. 2.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16 [HCs]). The MTR<jats:sub>asym<\/jats:sub> values of the ipsilateral hippocampus were significantly increased compared to the contralateral hippocampus in FE (2.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28 [ipsilateral] vs. 2.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34 [contralateral]). No significant differences in hippocampal volume were found between different groups (left hippocampus, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.87; right hippocampus, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.87).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GluCEST imaging have potential for the noninvasive measurement of glutamate levels in the brains of children with epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 1<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T07:09:37Z","timestamp":1720249777000},"page":"1258-1268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hippocampal Glutamate Levels and Their Correlation With Subregion Volume in School\u2010Aged Children With <scp>MRI<\/scp>\u2010Negative Epilepsy: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Donghao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfa","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Binzhou Medical University Hospital  Binzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Binzhou Medical University Hospital  Binzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Binzhou Medical University  Yantai 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