{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:54:25Z","timestamp":1774472065440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CLEVEL16A0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLEVEL16A0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001260","name":"National Organization for Rare Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hyperpolarized <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>Xe MRI assesses lung ventilation, often using the ventilation defect percentage (VDP). Unlike VDP, defect distribution index (DDI) quantifies spatial clustering of defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify spatial distribution of <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>Xe ventilation defects using DDI across pulmonary diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hundred twenty\u2010one subjects (age\u2009=\u200923.1\u2009\u00b1\u200917.1, female\u2009=\u2009230), comprising healthy controls (N\u2009=\u200960) and subjects with obstructive conditions (asthma [N\u2009=\u200925], bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome [BOS, N\u2009=\u200918], cystic fibrosis [CF, N\u2009=\u200990], lymphangioleiomyomatosis [LAM, N\u2009=\u200950]), restrictive conditions (bleomycin\u2010treated cancer survivors [BLEO, N\u2009=\u200914]; fibrotic lung diseases [FLD, N\u2009=\u200992]), bone marrow transplantation (BMT, N\u2009=\u200953), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, N\u2009=\u200919).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>3\u2009T, two\u2010dimensional multi\u2010slice gradient echo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole\u2010lung mean DDI was extracted from DDI maps; correlated with VDP (percent of pixels &lt;60% of whole\u2010lung mean signal intensity) and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) including FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, FVC, and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC. DDI and DDI\/VDP, a marker of defect clustering, were compared across diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pearson correlation analysis and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0056 for disease groups, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0125 for categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DDI was significantly elevated in BMT (8.3\u2009\u00b1\u200911.5), BOS (30.1\u2009\u00b1\u200957.5), BPD (16.0\u2009\u00b1\u200946.8), CF (15.4\u2009\u00b1\u200927.2), and LAM (12.6\u2009\u00b1\u200934.2) compared to controls (1.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1). DDI correlated significantly with VDP in all groups (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.56) except BLEO, and with PFTs in CF, FLD, and LAM (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.56). Obstructive groups had significantly higher mean DDI (14.0\u2009\u00b1\u200932.0) than controls (1.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.0) and restrictive groups (4.0\u2009\u00b1\u200912.0). DDI\/VDP was significantly lower in the restrictive group (0.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6) than controls (0.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6) and obstructive group (1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>DDI may provide insights into the distribution of ventilation defects across diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title><jats:p>3<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1729580806000},"page":"1860-1873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantifying Spatial Distribution of Ventilation Defects in Multiple Pulmonary Diseases With Hyperpolarized <scp><sup>129<\/sup>Xenon MRI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Bdaiwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Willmering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8080-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary 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