{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:07:04Z","timestamp":1783116424382,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor characterization and treatment efficacy are associated with tissue hypoxia. MR\u2010derived oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) may offer valuable tumor insights but depends on multiple measurement parameters, often requiring multiple sequence acquisitions. Specific multi\u2010parametric sequences offer direct access to MR parameter sets within short acquisition times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the potential of gradient\u2010echo spin\u2010echo echo\u2010planar imaging with keyhole (GE\u2010SE EPIK)\u2010derived parameters (OEF\/T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>*\/venous cerebral blood volume (vCBV)) to characterize increased metabolic activity tissue identified in [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]fluoroethyl\u2010L\u2010tyrosine (FET) PET, serving as a surrogate for neoplastic tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010seven brain tumor patients (female\/male:31\/26; age 27\u201373\u2009years) with 66 histologically confirmed lesions (suspected glioblastoma (16), glioblastoma (28), astrocytoma (11), metastasis (6), oligodendroglioma (5)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title><jats:p>10\u2010echo GE\u2010SE EPIK sequence at 3\u2009T.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title><jats:p>GE\u2010SE EPIK data were acquired in a hybrid MR PET scanner during FET PET acquisitions. Two tumor segmentations based on FET\u2010PET uptake and FLAIR hyperintensities were manually created. Mean GE\u2010SE EPIK\u2010derived parameters were calculated within tumor regions and compared to contralateral reference values. Relative tumor\u2010to\u2010reference parameters were compared across tumor types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title><jats:p>One\/two\u2010sampled, two\u2010tailed <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests of mean relative MR\u2010derived parameters. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;\u20090.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significantly increased T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* and decreased vCBV\/OEF were found in FET\u2010PET and FLAIR\u2010derived VOIs. Latter showed decreased R2\u2032. Significant correlation between FET uptake and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* was found in FET\u2010VOIs (Pearson correlation: 0.26\/0.31, respectively). Oligodendrogliomas showed significant differences to glioblastomas (rR<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032, rOEF) and astrocytomas (rR<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032). Metastasis showed different rT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values than suspected gliomas. Astrocytoma differed from gliomas in FET\u2010TBR. Susceptibility artifacts in T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* maps from air\u2010tissue interfaces limited qualitative data interpretation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GE\u2010SE EPIK provides multiple MR parameters that are sensitive to expected changes in tumor regions obtained from FET and FLAIR thresholds. Susceptibility artifacts in T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>*\/OEF maps made the differentiation between tumor relapse and treatment\u2010related changes challenging. However, certain MR\u2010derived parameters showed the ability to distinguish tumor types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title><jats:p>3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T06:41:36Z","timestamp":1744872096000},"page":"721-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain Tumor Characterization Using Multiple <scp>MR<\/scp> Parameters From Multi\u2010Contrast <scp>EPI<\/scp> With Keyhole (<scp>GE<\/scp>\u2010<scp>SE EPIK<\/scp>) Including Oxygen Extraction Fraction: A Comparison to O\u2010(2\u2010[<scp>18F<\/scp>]Fluoroethyl)\u2010L\u2010Tyrosine (FET) Positron Emission Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8365-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"K\u00fcppers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Dae","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Stoffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Fil\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine RWTH Aachen University Hospital  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Galldiks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 3 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich  J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix M.","family":"Mottaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine RWTH Aachen University Hospital  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7562-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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