{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:20:29Z","timestamp":1790313629096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013263","name":"Nasjonalforeningen for Folkehelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101141807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101141807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["333956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007793","name":"Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves as a medium for nutrient delivery and waste clearance. The T1 relaxation rate, R1, can be used to measure the concentration of intrinsic solutes and extrinsic contrast agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To implement a method for R1 mapping and segmentation of CSF and to use this method to explore how R1 of CSF relates to protein content and gadobutrol after intrathecal administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study, complemented by phantom analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten healthy control subjects (mean age 65.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4\u2009years, range 57\u201372\u2009years; five males and five females) and protein\u2010 and gadobutrol\u2010gradient phantom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3\u2009T Philips Ingenia scanner; 3D T2W mixed inversion recovery spin\u2010echo (T2W\u2010mixed IRSE) sequence and 3D T1W turbo field echo (3D T1W\u2010TFE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>R1 maps were calculated by combining IR and SE data. An automated segmentation method derived from FreeSurfer employed SE data for CSF segmentation and T1W\u2010TFE for anatomical reference. CSF was collected by lumbar puncture for protein measurements, and 0.25\u2009mmol gadobutrol was injected intrathecally. Post\u2010contrast assessments were performed at 3, 24, 48, and 72\u2009h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One\u2010way ANOVA, followed by a post hoc Tukey HSD test, and simple and multiple linear regression analysis; significance level of 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      R1 of ventricular CSF 0.216\u2009\u00b1\u20090.001\u2009s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      was significantly lower than that surrounding the cerebellum 0.225\u2009\u00b1\u20090.001 and cerebrum 0.228\u2009\u00b1\u20090.002 and correlated with lumbar protein concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.56). Peak gadobutrol concentrations were 101\u2009\u00b1\u200984\u2009\u03bcM in ventricles, 185\u2009\u00b1\u200989\u2009\u03bcM in cerebellar SAS and 166\u2009\u00b1\u200991\u2009\u03bcM in cerebral SAS. Corresponding concentrations were 6\u2009\u00b1\u20094, 17\u2009\u00b1\u20098, and 37\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u2009\u03bcM at 72\u2009h.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intrinsic R1 of CSF in the subarachnoid space correlated with protein content. Intracranial CSF enrichment after intrathecal administration of gadobutrol showed a large variation among healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T03:17:48Z","timestamp":1763522268000},"page":"218-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>T2<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Weighted\n                    <scp>T1<\/scp>\n                    Mapping and Automated Segmentation of\n                    <scp>CSF<\/scp>\n                    : Assessment of Solute Gradients in the Healthy Brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5359-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tryggve Holck","family":"Stor\u00e5s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"KG Jebsen Center for Brain Fluid Research, UiO  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie Lysholm","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital  Oslo 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