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However, quantitative assessment of contrast enhancement is limited by variability in contrast administration parameters, and lack of efficient and precise contrast concentration independent relaxivity (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) measurement techniques. MR Fingerprinting (MRF) rapidly, simultaneously and accurately measures\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n and\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , enabling for the first time efficient clinical estimation of relaxivity ratios (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n To introduce an MRF\u2010derived delta\u2010relaxometry method for mapping contrast\u2010specific relaxivity ratios (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) by accurately measuring \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . We hypothesize that delta\u2010relaxometry ratios offer dose\u2010independent, reproducible measures of tissue enhancement, with potential advantages over conventional contrast\u2010enhanced MRI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Prospective, observational.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n Phantom studies and 29 patients (15 glioblastoma, 14 brain metastases).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n 3\u2009T; pre\u2010 and post\u2010contrast 3D whole\u2010brain MR Fingerprinting.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n \n Mathematical derivations established a relationship between \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . Phantom studies assessed the concentration\u2010dependency of \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n compared to \u0394\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n and \u0394\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . Reproducibility was assessed by the inter\u2010subject coefficient of variation (CoV). In\u00a0vivo tumor type differentiation was assessed with whole\u2010lesion histograms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Test<\/jats:title>\n \n Coefficient of variation; coefficient of determination; Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n tests with Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n is theoretically equivalent to\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , showing contrast\u2010dose independence in phantom studies. \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n showed no dependence on injected dose or timing (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05), unlike \u0394\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n and \u0394\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . Delta\u2010relaxometry ratios were highly reproducible, selectively elevated in tumors versus normal tissue, and showed a difference between tumor core and edema (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n showed higher intra\u2010subject reproducibility (median CoV: GBM\u2009=\u200927.3%, MET\u2009=\u200922.0%) as compared to \u0394\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n (GBM\u2009=\u200957.1%, MET\u2009=\u2009106.2%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Whole\u2010lesion histogram analysis of delta\u2010relaxometry ratios demonstrated GBM versus metastasis differentiation (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \u201cData\u201d Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n In this proof\u2010of\u2010concept study, MRF\u2010derived \u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ratios show potential for reproducible, clinically feasible, dose\u2010independent relaxivity quantification. Delta\u2010relaxometry ratios may offer a novel approach to tissue characterization with minimal background enhancement, distinct from perfusion imaging. Our results suggest delta\u2010relaxometry as a tumor imaging marker worthy of further investigation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n 3 (retrospective cohort study with imperfectly applied reference standard).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Technology Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n 1 (feasibility study with quantitative assessment, requires a comparison with standard of care).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T16:11:02Z","timestamp":1764346262000},"page":"1042-1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contrast\u2010Enhanced\n MR<\/scp>\n Fingerprinting With Delta\u2010Relaxometry: Investigating a New Avenue for Tumor Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Shengwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sree","family":"Gongala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessie E. 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