{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:21:16Z","timestamp":1775838076205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS115771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS115771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS115771\u201003S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS115771\u201003S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the second leading cause of dementia. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is a promising biomarker for VCID. However, CVR is not commonly measured in clinical practice due to logistical difficulties in applying a hypercapnia challenge during MR imaging.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To investigate whether CVR measured by intermittent breath modulation (bm\u2010CVR) without hypercapnia gas\u2010inhalation can be a sensitive biomarker in VCID.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects<\/jats:title>\n \n Eighty\u2010two participants (aged 66.8\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8\u2009years, 54 females, 28 males) with normal cognition (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200936), mild cognitive impairment (MCI,\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200937), or mild dementia (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20099).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n 3.0\u2009T; Blood\u2010oxygenation\u2010level\u2010dependence (BOLD) MRI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n CVR was measured with BOLD MRI using intermittent breath modulation. Cognitive function was measured with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, cognitive domains scores, and a global composite cognitive score. Physical function was measured with gait\u2010speed and chair\u2010stand test scores.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n \n Multi\u2010linear regression models were performed within the participants to test the associations between bm\u2010CVR and measures of cognitive and physical functions. A\n p<\/jats:italic>\n value <\u20090.05 was considered significant. Bonferroni multiple comparison correction was performed when multiple cognitive domains were tested.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Whole\u2010brain bm\u2010CVR values were significantly associated with the diagnosis group of normal, MCI, and early dementia (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22123.00%\/mm Hg, 95% confidence interval (CI) [\u22125.42, \u22120.58]), and were lower in the impaired participants relative to participants with normal cognition (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22122.18, CI [\u22123.91, \u22120.45]). Bm\u2010CVR was positively associated with global cognition measured by both MoCA (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200914.73, CI [1.74, 27.73]) and composite cognitive score (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.22, CI [0.77, 3.66]). For domain\u2010specific cognitive scores, bm\u2010CVR was significantly associated with processing speed (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093.19, CI [1.36, 5.02]) and language (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.81, CI [0.70, 4.94]), but not with executive function (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.43) or episodic memory (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.79).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Bm\u2010CVR is a sensitive biomarker for VCID. This gas\u2010free CVR method may be a more practical approach than hypercapnia gas\u2010inhalation CVR for characterizing vascular pathology.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n Stage 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T08:36:29Z","timestamp":1766478989000},"page":"1282-1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association Between Gas\u2010Free Cerebrovascular Reactivity (\n CVR<\/scp>\n ) and Cognitive Function in Older Adults With a High Risk for Vascular Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Fariba","family":"Badrzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland 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