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Time\u2010dependent apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs), including OGSE at 20 HZ (ADC\n 20HZ<\/jats:sub>\n ), OGSE at 40 HZ (ADC\n 40HZ<\/jats:sub>\n ), and PGSE (ADC\n PGSE<\/jats:sub>\n ), and MR cytometry\u2010derived microstructural parameters (cell diameter [], intracellular volume fraction [], extracellular diffusivity [], and cellularity []) were calculated. Histopathological examination of surgical specimens served as the reference standard for tumor grading.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n \n Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n test was used for group comparisons. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; area under the ROC curve (AUCs) was compared with the DeLong test. Statistical significance was set at\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n High\u2010grade tumors showed significantly higher (median: 0.31 vs. 0.20), (1.97 vs. 1.33\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009\u03bcm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ), and lower ADCs than low\u2010grade tumors while (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] of mean difference: \u22120.822 to \u22120.820) and (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.053, 95% CI of mean difference: 0.025 to 0.352) were not different. demonstrated the highest AUC (0.89; 95% CI: 0.80\u20130.97) among single parameters, and the combined model of , , and ADC\n PGSE<\/jats:sub>\n achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC\u2009=\u20090.92; 95% CI: 0.86\u20130.99).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n MR cytometry noninvasively differentiates high\u2010 from low\u2010grade bladder cancer. showed good discriminatory performance, and combining , , and ADC\n PGSE<\/jats:sub>\n further improves preoperative assessment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n 1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n Stage 3: Diagnostic Thinking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T03:21:08Z","timestamp":1768188068000},"page":"77-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Performance of\n MR<\/scp>\n Cytometry Imaging in Differentiating High\u2010 and Low\u2010Grade Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6051-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erjia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8436-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, School of Biomedical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MR Research Collaboration, Siemens Healthineers Ltd. 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