{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:03:05Z","timestamp":1789534985931,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82202120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Chest CT requires breath\u2010holding and ionizing radiation. 3D ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI allows radiation\u2010free imaging, but the image quality is suboptimal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To develop RadiolGAN and evaluate synthetic CT (sCT) from 3D UTE MRI for enhanced pulmonary visualization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Type<\/jats:title>\n Prospective multicenter study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Population<\/jats:title>\n Three hundred and fifty\u2010nine subjects (167 women, 192 men; 52\u2009\u00b1\u200919\u2009years) from four centers: 244 training, 61 internal test, and 54 external test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n \n 3\u2009T,\n 3D UTE<\/jats:styled-content>\n gradient\u2010echo sequence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Assessment<\/jats:title>\n Signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (SNR), contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR), noise, peak signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (PSNR), mean structural similarity index (MS\u2010SSIM), universal quality index (UQI), and learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS). Three radiologists rated pulmonary structures (bronchi, vessels, fissures, artifacts, diagnostic confidence) and radiologic signs (nodules\/masses, ground\u2010glass opacities, patchy shadows\/consolidation, emphysema\/bullae, bronchiectasis) on a 5\u2010point Likert scale.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Testing<\/jats:title>\n \n Repeated\u2010measures ANOVA, paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests, and Friedman tests;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05 significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In the external test set, RadiolGAN\u2010CT showed higher SNR (32.63\u2009\u00b1\u20091.21 vs. 26.07\u2009\u00b1\u20091.53) and CNR (25.36\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06 vs. 21.64\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32), and lower noise (15.74\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85 vs. 19.66\u2009\u00b1\u20091.01) than 3D UTE. Versus CycleGAN\u2010CT, RadiolGAN\u2010CT achieved higher PSNR (65.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19 vs. 64.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21), MS\u2010SSIM (0.912\u2009\u00b1\u20090.004 vs. 0.892\u2009\u00b1\u20090.004), FSIM (0.808\u2009\u00b1\u20090.007 vs. 0.783\u2009\u00b1\u20090.006), and UQI (0.854\u2009\u00b1\u20090.007 vs. 0.843\u2009\u00b1\u20090.007), and lower LPIPS (0.221\u2009\u00b1\u20090.010 vs. 0.236\u2009\u00b1\u20090.009). No differences were found between RadiolGAN\u2010CT and CycleGAN\u2010CT in SNR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.612), CNR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.547), or noise (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.595). Diagnostic confidence was higher for RadiolGAN\u2010CT (3.98\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09) than CycleGAN\u2010CT (3.59\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06) and 3D UTE (2.84\u2009\u00b1\u20091.30). Ground\u2010glass opacity depiction did not differ between RadiolGAN\u2010CT and CycleGAN\u2010CT (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.903).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n RadiolGAN enables high\u2010fidelity sCT from 3D UTE, improving structural depiction and perceptual similarity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Level<\/jats:title>\n 1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Technical Efficacy<\/jats:title>\n 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:04:41Z","timestamp":1783667081000},"page":"918-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RadiolGAN<\/scp>\n : Multicenter Feasibility Study of Synthetic\n CT<\/scp>\n From\n 3D<\/scp>\n Ultra\u2010Short Echo Time\n MRI<\/scp>\n for Enhanced Pulmonary Radiologic Sign Visualization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Yangzhou Jiangsu China"},{"name":"College of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Yangzhou Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CT\/MRI, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Shishi Hospital Quanzhou 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